residential
Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single family housing , multiple family housing such as ( apartments , duplexes , townhomes (or similar configurations), condominiums ) or mobile homes . Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses . Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor to area ratio) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning.The area may also be large or small.
In certain residential areas, largely rural , quite large tracts of land may exist which have no services whatsoever. Because a large distance must be traveled to access the nearest services, most journeys involve using a motor vehicle or some other form of transport. This need has resulted in Residential land development usually existing or planned infrastructure such as rail and road. The pattern of development is usually set forth in the restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the properties in the development, but may also result from or be reinforced by zoning . Restrictive covenants are not easily changed as the agreement of all property owners (many of whom may not live in the area) may need to be obtained to effect a change. The area may also be large or small.
Contents
1 Residential differentiation
2 Residential development
2.1 Problems with Residential Developments
3 Additional reading
4 References
//
Residential differentiation
These are some of the various zones under which residential areas fall.
Inner city residential
Inner mixed zone
established residential
new development
Rural-urban fringe
rural residential
sub-regional centers
Residential development
Residential development
Residential development is real estate development for residential purposes. Some such developments are called a subdivision ), when the land was divided into lots with houses constructed on each piece of subdivided land . Such developments became common during the late nineteenth century, particularly in the form of streetcar suburbs .
In previous centuries, residential development was mainly of two kinds. Rich people bought a town lot, hired an architect and/or contractor, and built a bespoke house for their family. Poor urban people lived in apartment houses built for rental. Single family houses were seldom built on speculation , that is for future sale to residents not yet identified. When cities and the middle class expanded greatly, a method that had been rare became commonplace to serve the expanding demand for home ownership.
After World War II, the rapidly expanding economies of major cities of the United States, especially New York City and Los Angeles produced a demand for thousands of new homes, which was largely met by speculative building. Its large-scale practitioners, dislking the name of "property speculator" coined a new name for their activity: "Residential Development". Entire farms and ranches were developed, often with one individual or company controlling all aspects of entitlement (permits), land development (streets and grading), infrastructure (utilities and sewage disposal), and housing. Communities like Levittown, Long Island or Lakewood south of Los Angeles saw new homes sold at unprecedented rates—more than one a day. Many techniques which had made the automobile affordable made housing affordable: standardization of design and small, repetitive assembly tasks, advertising, and a smooth flow of capital. Mass production resulted in a similar uniformity of product, and yet in the uniformity was a more comfortable lifestyle than cramped apartments in the cities. With the advent of government-backed mortgages, it could actually be cheaper to own a house in a new residential development than to rent.
As with other products, continual refinements appeared. Curving streets, greenbelt parks, neighborhood pools, and community entry monumentation appeared. Diverse floor plans with differing room counts, and multiple elevations (different exterior "looks" for the same plan) appeared. Developers remained competitive with each other on everything, including location, community amenities, kitchen appliance packages, and price.
Today, a typical residential development in the United States might include a slowly winding street , dead-end road , looped road, or cul-de-sac lined with related homes . Many residential developments have purposefully meandering roads as a means of discouraging speeding automobiles in the neighborhood.
They help form the stereotypical image of a " suburban America," and are generally associated with the American middle-class . Some residential developments can be reserved only to the most wealthy, including gated communities with multimillion-dollar homes.
Problems with Residential Developments
Criticisms of residential developments may include:
They do not mesh well with the greater community. Some are isolated, with only one entrance, and therefore are connected with the rest of the community in few ways.
Being commuter towns , they serve no more purpose for the greater community than other specialized settlements do. Whereas other planned developments take into consideration their relation to the rest of community, including commercial centers, population centers, and other aspects of community planning, residential developments are often seen as serving no purpose other than housing.
residential
Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single family housing , multiple family housing such as ( apartments , duplexes , townhomes (or similar configurations), condominiums ) or mobile homes . Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses . Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor to area ratio) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning.The area may also be large or small.
In certain residential areas, largely rural , quite large tracts of land may exist which have no services whatsoever. Because a large distance must be traveled to access the nearest services, most journeys involve using a motor vehicle or some other form of transport. This need has resulted in Residential land development usually existing or planned infrastructure such as rail and road. The pattern of development is usually set forth in the restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the properties in the development, but may also result from or be reinforced by zoning . Restrictive covenants are not easily changed as the agreement of all property owners (many of whom may not live in the area) may need to be obtained to effect a change. The area may also be large or small.
Contents
1 Residential differentiation
2 Residential development
2.1 Problems with Residential Developments
3 Additional reading
4 References
//
Residential differentiation
These are some of the various zones under which residential areas fall.
Inner city residential
Inner mixed zone
established residential
new development
Rural-urban fringe
rural residential
sub-regional centers
Residential development
Residential development
Residential development is real estate development for residential purposes. Some such developments are called a subdivision ), when the land was divided into lots with houses constructed on each piece of subdivided land . Such developments became common during the late nineteenth century, particularly in the form of streetcar suburbs .
In previous centuries, residential development was mainly of two kinds. Rich people bought a town lot, hired an architect and/or contractor, and built a bespoke house for their family. Poor urban people lived in apartment houses built for rental. Single family houses were seldom built on speculation , that is for future sale to residents not yet identified. When cities and the middle class expanded greatly, a method that had been rare became commonplace to serve the expanding demand for home ownership.
After World War II, the rapidly expanding economies of major cities of the United States, especially New York City and Los Angeles produced a demand for thousands of new homes, which was largely met by speculative building. Its large-scale practitioners, dislking the name of "property speculator" coined a new name for their activity: "Residential Development". Entire farms and ranches were developed, often with one individual or company controlling all aspects of entitlement (permits), land development (streets and grading), infrastructure (utilities and sewage disposal), and housing. Communities like Levittown, Long Island or Lakewood south of Los Angeles saw new homes sold at unprecedented rates—more than one a day. Many techniques which had made the automobile affordable made housing affordable: standardization of design and small, repetitive assembly tasks, advertising, and a smooth flow of capital. Mass production resulted in a similar uniformity of product, and yet in the uniformity was a more comfortable lifestyle than cramped apartments in the cities. With the advent of government-backed mortgages, it could actually be cheaper to own a house in a new residential development than to rent.
As with other products, continual refinements appeared. Curving streets, greenbelt parks, neighborhood pools, and community entry monumentation appeared. Diverse floor plans with differing room counts, and multiple elevations (different exterior "looks" for the same plan) appeared. Developers remained competitive with each other on everything, including location, community amenities, kitchen appliance packages, and price.
Today, a typical residential development in the United States might include a slowly winding street , dead-end road , looped road, or cul-de-sac lined with related homes . Many residential developments have purposefully meandering roads as a means of discouraging speeding automobiles in the neighborhood.
They help form the stereotypical image of a " suburban America," and are generally associated with the American middle-class . Some residential developments can be reserved only to the most wealthy, including gated communities with multimillion-dollar homes.
Problems with Residential Developments
Criticisms of residential developments may include:
They do not mesh well with the greater community. Some are isolated, with only one entrance, and therefore are connected with the rest of the community in few ways.
Being commuter towns , they serve no more purpose for the greater community than other specialized settlements do. Whereas other planned developments take into consideration their relation to the rest of community, including commercial centers, population centers, and other aspects of community planning, residential developments are often seen as serving no purpose other than housing.
automotive
In 2007, a total of 79.9 million new automobiles were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe , 21.4 million in Asia-Pacific , 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America , 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa . [ 2 ] The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South America and other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, China , Russia , Brazil and India saw the most rapid growth, and China became both the largest automobile producer and market in the world after experiencing massive growth in 2009. In the first 4 months of 2010, the total sales of automobile were 6.17 millions in China (3.52 millions in US), and the total sales were expected to be around 17 millions (13.65 millions in 2009) for the year of 2010, nearly twice as much as USA.
About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China. [ 3 ] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.
In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. [ 7 ] Roughly half of the US's fifty-one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade. [ 8 ] .
Contents
1 History
2 Crisis in the automotive industry
3 World motor vehicle production
3.1 By Country
3.2 By Manufacturer
4 Company relationships
5 Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)
5.1 Notes
6 Minor automotive manufacturers
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
History
The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany . Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz , his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 - from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back - that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.
Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy 's Enrico Bernardi , of the University of Padua , in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W ) 122 cc (7.4 cu in ) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle , making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle;. [ 9 ] :p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults. [ 9 ] :p.26
Main article: Automotive industry by country
Crisis in the automotive industry
Main article: Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009
World motor vehicle production
See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
By Country
v • d • e
« previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2009 next year »
Motor vehicle production (units)
Country
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
11,000,000
12,000,000
13,000,000
14,000,000
China
13,790,994
Japan
7,934,516
United States
5,711,823
Germany
5,209,857
South Korea
3,512,916
Brazil
3,182,617
India
2,632,694
Spain
2,170,078
France
2,049,762
Mexico
1,557,290
Canada
1,489,651
UK
1,090,139
Czech Rep.
974,569
Thailand
968,305
Poland
879,186
Turkey
869,605
Italy
843,239
Iran
752,310
Russia
722,431
Belgium
522,810
Reference: "Production Statistics" . OICA . http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ . Retrieved 2010-04-26 .
By Manufacturer
v • d • e
« previous year — Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2008 next year »
Total motor vehicle production
Group
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
Key
Cars
Light Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Buses
Toyota
9,237,780
General Motors
8,282,803
Volkswagen *
6,517,288
Ford
5,407,000
Honda
3,912,700
Nissan
3,395,065
PSA
3,325,407
Hyundai **
2,777,137
Suzuki
2,623,567
Fiat
2,524,325
Renault
2,417,351
Daimler
2,174,299
Chrysler
1,893,068
BMW
1,439,918
Kia **
1,395,324
Mazda
1,349,274
Mitsubishi
1,309,231
AvtoVAZ
801,563
Tata
798,265
FAW
637,720
Fuji
616,497
Isuzu
538,810
Chana Automobile
531,149
Dongfeng
489,266
Beijing Automotive
446,680
Chery
350,560
SAIC
282,003
Volvo
248,991
Brilliance
241,553
Harbin Hafei
226,754
Geely
220,955
Anhui Jianghuai
207,711
BYD
192,971
GAZ
187,053
Mahindra
162,816
Proton
157,306
Great Wall
129,651
Paccar
125,084
Chongqing Lifan
122,783
M.A.N.
108,053
Jiangxi Changhe
107,422
China National
106,377
Porsche
96,721
LUAZ
90,548
Navistar
90,264
Shannxi Auto
75,220
UAZ
72,181
Ashok Leyland
71,485
Kuozui
67,891
Key
Cars
Light Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Buses
Total global production: 69,561,356
Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers 2008" . OICA . July 2009 . http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/world-ranking-2008.pdf .
* Volkswagen Group total includes Scania production figures, which OICA lists separately. Scania is a VW Group subsidiary.
** Hyundai Kia Automotive Group and Kia Motors are listed separately as the former owns only 38.67% of the latter.
Company relationships
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:
Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors , a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ , a 10% stake in Tesla Motors , a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault - Nissan Motors alliance. They are in the process of selling back their 40% stake in McLaren Group . This process will be finalized in 2011.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies in China, including: Honda , Hyundai , Nissan , Nissan Diesel , and PSA Peugeot Citroen .
Fiat holds a 85% stake in Ferrari and a 20% stake in Chrysler , that can be increased to 35%; with the option of increasing its stake further.
Ford Motor Company holds a 13.4% stake in Mazda and an 8.3% share in Aston Martin .
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings .
General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile .
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 38.67% stake in Kia Motors , down from the 51% that it acquired in 1998.
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania .
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% stake in Volkswagen Group . Due to liquidity problems, Volkswagen Group is now in the process of acquiring Porsche.
Renault - Nissan Motors have an alliance involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG .
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group .
Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu , and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries , parent company of Subaru .
Volkswagen Group and FAW have a joint venture.
Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have a joint venture in Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive .
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 29% stake in MAN SE .
Volkswagen Group has a 49.9% stake in Porsche AG . Volkswagen is in the process of acquiring Porsche, which will be completed in mid-2011.
Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki , and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.
Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)
The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2008 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) [ 10 ] for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque.
Marque
Country of origin
Ownership
Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan )
Daihatsu
Subsidiary
Global, except North America and Australia
Hino
Subsidiary
Asia Pacific, North America and South America
Lexus
Division
Global
Scion
Division
North America
Toyota
Division
Global
2. General Motors Company ( United States )
Buick
Division
North America, Middle East, East Asia
Cadillac
Division
Global, except South America, South Asia, South East Asia, Pacific
Chevrolet
Division
Global, except Australia, New Zealand, South Korea
Daewoo
Subsidiary
South Korea
GMC
Division
North America, Middle East
Holden
Subsidiary
Australia, New Zealand
Opel
Subsidiary
Europe (except UK), Russia, South Africa, Asia
Vauxhall
Subsidiary
United Kingdom
3. Volkswagen Group AG * ( Germany )
Audi
Subsidiary
Global
Bentley
Subsidiary
Global
Bugatti
Subsidiary
Global
Lamborghini
Subsidiary
Global
Porsche
Subsidiary
Global
Scania
Subsidiary
Global
SEAT
Subsidiary
Europe, South America, North Africa, Middle East
Škoda
Subsidiary
Global, except North America and South Africa
Volkswagen
Subsidiary
Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Subsidiary
Global
4. Ford Motor Company ( United States )
Ford
Division
Global
Lincoln
Division
North America, Middle East, South Korea
Mercury **
Division
North America, Middle East
Troller
Subsidiary
South America and Africa
5. Honda Motor Company ( Japan )
Acura
Division
North America, East Asia, Russia
Honda
Division
Global
6. Nissan Motor Company ( Japan )
Infiniti
Division
Global, except South America and Africa
Nissan
Division
Global
7. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France )
Citroën
Subsidiary
Global, except North America, South Asia
Peugeot
Subsidiary
Global, except North America, South Asia
8. Hyundai Motor Company ( South Korea )
Hyundai
Division
Global
9. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan )
Maruti Suzuki
Subsidiary
India, Middle East, South America
Suzuki
Division
Global
10. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy )
Abarth
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Alfa Romeo
Subsidiary
Global
Ferrari
Subsidiary
Global
Fiat
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Fiat Professional
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Irisbus
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Iveco
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Lancia
Subsidiary
Europe
Maserati
Subsidiary
Global
11. Renault S.A. ( France )
Dacia
Subsidiary
Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa
Renault (cars)
Division
Global, except North America, South Asia
Renault Samsung
Subsidiary
Asia, South America
12. Daimler AG ( Germany )
Freightliner
Subsidiary
North America, South Africa
Master
Subsidiary
Pakistan
Maybach
Division
Global
Mercedes-Benz
Division
Global
Mitsubishi Fuso
Subsidiary
Global
Orion
Subsidiary
North America
Setra
Subsidiary
Europe
Smart
Division
North America, Europe, South East Asia, South Africa
Thomas Built
Subsidiary
North America
Western Star
Subsidiary
North America
13. Chrysler Group, LLC ( United States )
Chrysler
Division
Global
Dodge
Division
Global
GEM
Division
North America
Jeep
Division
Global
Ram
Division
North America
14. BMW AG ( Germany )
BMW
Division
Global
MINI
Division
Global
Rolls-Royce
Subsidiary
Global
15. Kia Motors Corporation ( South Korea )
Kia
Division
Global
16. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan )
Mazda
Division
Global
17. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan )
Mitsubishi
Division
Global
18. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia )
Lada
Division
Russia, Europe, North Africa
VAZ
Division
Russia, Europe
19. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India )
Hispano
Subsidiary
Europe
Jaguar
Subsidiary
Global
Land Rover
Subsidiary
Global
Tata
Division
India, South Africa
Tata Daewoo
Subsidiary
South Korea
20. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China )
Besturn
Division
China
Freewind
Subsidiary
China
Haima
Subsidiary
China
Hongqi
Division
China
Jiaxing
Subsidiary
China
Vita
Subsidiary
China
Xiali
Subsidiary
China
21. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan )
Subaru
Division
Global
22. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan )
Isuzu
Division
Global, except North America
23. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Chana
Division
China, South Africa
24. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China )
Dongfeng
Division
China
25. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
BAW
Division
China
Foton
Subsidiary
China
26. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Chery
Division
China, Africa, South East Asia, Russia
27. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( People's Republic of China )
MG
Subsidiary
United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina
SsangYong
Subsidiary
South Korea
Roewe
Division
China
Soyat
Division
China
Yuejin
Division
China
28. AB Volvo ( Sweden )
Mack
Subsidiary
Global
Nissan Diesel
Subsidiary
Global
NovaBus
Subsidiary
North America
Prevost
Subsidiary
North America
Renault (trucks)
Subsidiary
Global
Volvo (trucks)
Division
Global
29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Brilliance
Division
China, North Africa
Jinbei
Subsidiary
China
30. Harbin Hafei Automobile Industry Group, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Hafei
Division
China
31. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China )
Geely
Division
China, Russia, North Africa
Maple
Division
China
Volvo (Cars)
Subsidiary
Global
32. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
JAC
Division
China
33. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China )
BYD
Division
China, Russia
34. GAZ Group ( Russia )
GAZ
Division
Russia
KAvZ
Subsidiary
Russia
LiAZ
Subsidiary
Russia
Ural
Subsidiary
Russia
35. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India )
Mahindra
Division
India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa
36. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia )
Proton
Division
Asia Pacific, South Africa, United Kingdom
Lotus
Subsidiary
Global
37. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Great Wall
Division
China, South Africa, Russia, North Africa
38. Paccar, Inc ( United States )
DAF
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Kenworth
Division
North America
Leyland
Subsidiary
Europe
Peterbilt
Division
North America
39. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Lifan
Division
China
40. MAN SE ( Germany )
MAN
Division
Europe
Neoplan
Division
Europe and Middle East
Volkswagen (trucks)
Division
South America
41. Jiangxi Changhe Automobile, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Changhe
Division
China
42. China National Heavy Duty Truck Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Sinotruk
Division
China
43. LuAZ ( Ukraine )
LuAZ
Subsidiary
Ukraine
44. Navistar International Corporation ( United States )
IC
Subsidiary
North America
International
Division
North America, South Asia
45. Shaanxi Automobile Group Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Shaanxi
Division
China
46. UAZ OJSC ( Russia )
UAZ
Subsidiary
Russia
47. Ashok Leyland ( India )
Ashok Leyland
Division
India
48. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan )
Kuozui
Subsidiary
Taiwan
Notes
* Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.7 percent share in the Volkswagen Group . [ 11 ] However, Volkswagen Group will acquire Porsche AG, the automotive manufacturer under a new "Integrated Automotive Group". This merger/acquisition is expected to be fully completed in mid-2011. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]
** Ford Motor Company has announced that the production of Mercury will be ceased in 2010. [ 14 ]
Minor automotive manufacturers
Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups
There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.
See also
Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
Automotive industry by country
Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009
Automotive market
Big Three automobile manufacturers
Effects of the 2008-2009 automotive industry crisis on the United States
List of auto parts
List of former automotive manufacturing plants
Top 20 motor vehicle producing companies
automotive
In 2007, a total of 79.9 million new automobiles were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe , 21.4 million in Asia-Pacific , 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America , 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa . [ 2 ] The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South America and other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, China , Russia , Brazil and India saw the most rapid growth, and China became both the largest automobile producer and market in the world after experiencing massive growth in 2009. In the first 4 months of 2010, the total sales of automobile were 6.17 millions in China (3.52 millions in US), and the total sales were expected to be around 17 millions (13.65 millions in 2009) for the year of 2010, nearly twice as much as USA.
About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China. [ 3 ] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.
In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. [ 7 ] Roughly half of the US's fifty-one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade. [ 8 ] .
Contents
1 History
2 Crisis in the automotive industry
3 World motor vehicle production
3.1 By Country
3.2 By Manufacturer
4 Company relationships
5 Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)
5.1 Notes
6 Minor automotive manufacturers
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
History
The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany . Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz , his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 - from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back - that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.
Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy 's Enrico Bernardi , of the University of Padua , in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W ) 122 cc (7.4 cu in ) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle , making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle;. [ 9 ] :p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults. [ 9 ] :p.26
Main article: Automotive industry by country
Crisis in the automotive industry
Main article: Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009
World motor vehicle production
See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
By Country
v • d • e
« previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2009 next year »
Motor vehicle production (units)
Country
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
11,000,000
12,000,000
13,000,000
14,000,000
China
13,790,994
Japan
7,934,516
United States
5,711,823
Germany
5,209,857
South Korea
3,512,916
Brazil
3,182,617
India
2,632,694
Spain
2,170,078
France
2,049,762
Mexico
1,557,290
Canada
1,489,651
UK
1,090,139
Czech Rep.
974,569
Thailand
968,305
Poland
879,186
Turkey
869,605
Italy
843,239
Iran
752,310
Russia
722,431
Belgium
522,810
Reference: "Production Statistics" . OICA . http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ . Retrieved 2010-04-26 .
By Manufacturer
v • d • e
« previous year — Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2008 next year »
Total motor vehicle production
Group
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
Key
Cars
Light Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Buses
Toyota
9,237,780
General Motors
8,282,803
Volkswagen *
6,517,288
Ford
5,407,000
Honda
3,912,700
Nissan
3,395,065
PSA
3,325,407
Hyundai **
2,777,137
Suzuki
2,623,567
Fiat
2,524,325
Renault
2,417,351
Daimler
2,174,299
Chrysler
1,893,068
BMW
1,439,918
Kia **
1,395,324
Mazda
1,349,274
Mitsubishi
1,309,231
AvtoVAZ
801,563
Tata
798,265
FAW
637,720
Fuji
616,497
Isuzu
538,810
Chana Automobile
531,149
Dongfeng
489,266
Beijing Automotive
446,680
Chery
350,560
SAIC
282,003
Volvo
248,991
Brilliance
241,553
Harbin Hafei
226,754
Geely
220,955
Anhui Jianghuai
207,711
BYD
192,971
GAZ
187,053
Mahindra
162,816
Proton
157,306
Great Wall
129,651
Paccar
125,084
Chongqing Lifan
122,783
M.A.N.
108,053
Jiangxi Changhe
107,422
China National
106,377
Porsche
96,721
LUAZ
90,548
Navistar
90,264
Shannxi Auto
75,220
UAZ
72,181
Ashok Leyland
71,485
Kuozui
67,891
Key
Cars
Light Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Commercial Vehicles
Heavy Buses
Total global production: 69,561,356
Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers 2008" . OICA . July 2009 . http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/world-ranking-2008.pdf .
* Volkswagen Group total includes Scania production figures, which OICA lists separately. Scania is a VW Group subsidiary.
** Hyundai Kia Automotive Group and Kia Motors are listed separately as the former owns only 38.67% of the latter.
Company relationships
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:
Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors , a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ , a 10% stake in Tesla Motors , a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault - Nissan Motors alliance. They are in the process of selling back their 40% stake in McLaren Group . This process will be finalized in 2011.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies in China, including: Honda , Hyundai , Nissan , Nissan Diesel , and PSA Peugeot Citroen .
Fiat holds a 85% stake in Ferrari and a 20% stake in Chrysler , that can be increased to 35%; with the option of increasing its stake further.
Ford Motor Company holds a 13.4% stake in Mazda and an 8.3% share in Aston Martin .
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings .
General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile .
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 38.67% stake in Kia Motors , down from the 51% that it acquired in 1998.
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania .
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% stake in Volkswagen Group . Due to liquidity problems, Volkswagen Group is now in the process of acquiring Porsche.
Renault - Nissan Motors have an alliance involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG .
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group .
Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu , and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries , parent company of Subaru .
Volkswagen Group and FAW have a joint venture.
Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have a joint venture in Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive .
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 29% stake in MAN SE .
Volkswagen Group has a 49.9% stake in Porsche AG . Volkswagen is in the process of acquiring Porsche, which will be completed in mid-2011.
Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki , and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.
Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)
The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2008 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) [ 10 ] for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque.
Marque
Country of origin
Ownership
Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan )
Daihatsu
Subsidiary
Global, except North America and Australia
Hino
Subsidiary
Asia Pacific, North America and South America
Lexus
Division
Global
Scion
Division
North America
Toyota
Division
Global
2. General Motors Company ( United States )
Buick
Division
North America, Middle East, East Asia
Cadillac
Division
Global, except South America, South Asia, South East Asia, Pacific
Chevrolet
Division
Global, except Australia, New Zealand, South Korea
Daewoo
Subsidiary
South Korea
GMC
Division
North America, Middle East
Holden
Subsidiary
Australia, New Zealand
Opel
Subsidiary
Europe (except UK), Russia, South Africa, Asia
Vauxhall
Subsidiary
United Kingdom
3. Volkswagen Group AG * ( Germany )
Audi
Subsidiary
Global
Bentley
Subsidiary
Global
Bugatti
Subsidiary
Global
Lamborghini
Subsidiary
Global
Porsche
Subsidiary
Global
Scania
Subsidiary
Global
SEAT
Subsidiary
Europe, South America, North Africa, Middle East
Škoda
Subsidiary
Global, except North America and South Africa
Volkswagen
Subsidiary
Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Subsidiary
Global
4. Ford Motor Company ( United States )
Ford
Division
Global
Lincoln
Division
North America, Middle East, South Korea
Mercury **
Division
North America, Middle East
Troller
Subsidiary
South America and Africa
5. Honda Motor Company ( Japan )
Acura
Division
North America, East Asia, Russia
Honda
Division
Global
6. Nissan Motor Company ( Japan )
Infiniti
Division
Global, except South America and Africa
Nissan
Division
Global
7. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France )
Citroën
Subsidiary
Global, except North America, South Asia
Peugeot
Subsidiary
Global, except North America, South Asia
8. Hyundai Motor Company ( South Korea )
Hyundai
Division
Global
9. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan )
Maruti Suzuki
Subsidiary
India, Middle East, South America
Suzuki
Division
Global
10. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy )
Abarth
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Alfa Romeo
Subsidiary
Global
Ferrari
Subsidiary
Global
Fiat
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Fiat Professional
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Irisbus
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Iveco
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Lancia
Subsidiary
Europe
Maserati
Subsidiary
Global
11. Renault S.A. ( France )
Dacia
Subsidiary
Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa
Renault (cars)
Division
Global, except North America, South Asia
Renault Samsung
Subsidiary
Asia, South America
12. Daimler AG ( Germany )
Freightliner
Subsidiary
North America, South Africa
Master
Subsidiary
Pakistan
Maybach
Division
Global
Mercedes-Benz
Division
Global
Mitsubishi Fuso
Subsidiary
Global
Orion
Subsidiary
North America
Setra
Subsidiary
Europe
Smart
Division
North America, Europe, South East Asia, South Africa
Thomas Built
Subsidiary
North America
Western Star
Subsidiary
North America
13. Chrysler Group, LLC ( United States )
Chrysler
Division
Global
Dodge
Division
Global
GEM
Division
North America
Jeep
Division
Global
Ram
Division
North America
14. BMW AG ( Germany )
BMW
Division
Global
MINI
Division
Global
Rolls-Royce
Subsidiary
Global
15. Kia Motors Corporation ( South Korea )
Kia
Division
Global
16. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan )
Mazda
Division
Global
17. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan )
Mitsubishi
Division
Global
18. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia )
Lada
Division
Russia, Europe, North Africa
VAZ
Division
Russia, Europe
19. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India )
Hispano
Subsidiary
Europe
Jaguar
Subsidiary
Global
Land Rover
Subsidiary
Global
Tata
Division
India, South Africa
Tata Daewoo
Subsidiary
South Korea
20. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China )
Besturn
Division
China
Freewind
Subsidiary
China
Haima
Subsidiary
China
Hongqi
Division
China
Jiaxing
Subsidiary
China
Vita
Subsidiary
China
Xiali
Subsidiary
China
21. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan )
Subaru
Division
Global
22. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan )
Isuzu
Division
Global, except North America
23. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Chana
Division
China, South Africa
24. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China )
Dongfeng
Division
China
25. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
BAW
Division
China
Foton
Subsidiary
China
26. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Chery
Division
China, Africa, South East Asia, Russia
27. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( People's Republic of China )
MG
Subsidiary
United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina
SsangYong
Subsidiary
South Korea
Roewe
Division
China
Soyat
Division
China
Yuejin
Division
China
28. AB Volvo ( Sweden )
Mack
Subsidiary
Global
Nissan Diesel
Subsidiary
Global
NovaBus
Subsidiary
North America
Prevost
Subsidiary
North America
Renault (trucks)
Subsidiary
Global
Volvo (trucks)
Division
Global
29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Brilliance
Division
China, North Africa
Jinbei
Subsidiary
China
30. Harbin Hafei Automobile Industry Group, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Hafei
Division
China
31. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China )
Geely
Division
China, Russia, North Africa
Maple
Division
China
Volvo (Cars)
Subsidiary
Global
32. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
JAC
Division
China
33. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China )
BYD
Division
China, Russia
34. GAZ Group ( Russia )
GAZ
Division
Russia
KAvZ
Subsidiary
Russia
LiAZ
Subsidiary
Russia
Ural
Subsidiary
Russia
35. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India )
Mahindra
Division
India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa
36. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia )
Proton
Division
Asia Pacific, South Africa, United Kingdom
Lotus
Subsidiary
Global
37. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Great Wall
Division
China, South Africa, Russia, North Africa
38. Paccar, Inc ( United States )
DAF
Subsidiary
Global, except North America
Kenworth
Division
North America
Leyland
Subsidiary
Europe
Peterbilt
Division
North America
39. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Lifan
Division
China
40. MAN SE ( Germany )
MAN
Division
Europe
Neoplan
Division
Europe and Middle East
Volkswagen (trucks)
Division
South America
41. Jiangxi Changhe Automobile, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Changhe
Division
China
42. China National Heavy Duty Truck Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Sinotruk
Division
China
43. LuAZ ( Ukraine )
LuAZ
Subsidiary
Ukraine
44. Navistar International Corporation ( United States )
IC
Subsidiary
North America
International
Division
North America, South Asia
45. Shaanxi Automobile Group Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China )
Shaanxi
Division
China
46. UAZ OJSC ( Russia )
UAZ
Subsidiary
Russia
47. Ashok Leyland ( India )
Ashok Leyland
Division
India
48. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan )
Kuozui
Subsidiary
Taiwan
Notes
* Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.7 percent share in the Volkswagen Group . [ 11 ] However, Volkswagen Group will acquire Porsche AG, the automotive manufacturer under a new "Integrated Automotive Group". This merger/acquisition is expected to be fully completed in mid-2011. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]
** Ford Motor Company has announced that the production of Mercury will be ceased in 2010. [ 14 ]
Minor automotive manufacturers
Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups
There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.
See also
Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
Automotive industry by country
Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009
Automotive market
Big Three automobile manufacturers
Effects of the 2008-2009 automotive industry crisis on the United States
List of auto parts
List of former automotive manufacturing plants
Top 20 motor vehicle producing companies
locksmith
Locksmithing is one of the earliest forms of security engineering . [ citation needed ] Lock picking was one of the first methods of cracking security systems. [ citation needed ] The oldest known lock was approximately 4,000 years old and was of Egyptian make. It was found in the ruins of the Emperor Sargon II 's palace in Khorsabad . It used the same pin tumbler principle employed by many modern locks. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Work
3 Employment
4 Locks
5 'Full disclosure'
6 Types of locks
7 Technical terms in locksmithing
8 Technical terms in lock-picking
9 References
10 See also
//
Terminology
A "smith" of any type is one who shapes metal pieces, often using a forge or mould , into useful objects or to be part of a more complex structure. Locksmithing, as its name implies, is the assembly and designing of locks and their respective keys.
Work
Historically, locksmiths actually made the entire lock, working for hours hand cutting screws and doing much file-work. Today, the rise of cheap mass production means that this is no longer true, and, though a few expert locksmiths are also engineers and capable of sophisticated repairs and renovation work, the vast majority of locks are repaired by swapping of parts or like-for-like replacement, or upgraded to modern mass-production items. Until more recently, safes and strongboxes were the exception to this, and to this day large vaults are custom designed and built at great cost, as the cost of this is lower than the very limited scope for mass production would allow, and the risk of a copy being obtained and defeated as practice is removed. Although fitting of keys to replace lost keys to automobiles and homes and the changing of keys for homes and businesses to maintain security are still an important part of locksmithing, locksmiths today are primarily involved in the installation of higher quality lock-sets and the design, implementation and management of keying and key control systems. Most locksmiths also do electronic lock servicing, such as making keys for transponder-equipped vehicles and the implementation and application of access control systems protecting individuals and assets for many large institutions. In terms of physical security, a locksmith's work frequently involves making a determination of the level of risk to an individual or institution and then recommending and implementing appropriate combinations of equipment and policies to create "security layers" which exceed the reasonable gain to an intruder or attacker. The more different security layers are implemented, the more the requirement for additional skills and knowledge and tools to defeat them all. But because each layer comes at an expense to the customer, the application of appropriate levels without exceeding reasonable costs to the customer is often very important and requires a skilled and knowledgeable locksmith to determine.
Employment
Locksmiths may be commercial (working out of a storefront), mobile (working out of a vehicle), institutional (employed by an institution) or investigational (forensic locksmiths) or may specialize in one aspect of the skill, such as an automotive lock specialist, a master key system specialist or a safe technician. Many (not all) are also security consultants, but not every security consultant has the skills and knowledge of a locksmith. Locksmiths are frequently certified in specific skill areas or to a level of skill within the trade. This is separate from certificates of completion of training courses. In determining skill levels, certifications from manufacturers or locksmith associations are usually more valid criteria than certificates of completion. Some locksmiths decide to call themselves "Master Locksmiths" whether they are fully trained or not, and some training certificates appear quite authoritative. It may be noted, however, that in some countries a particular level of qualification or membership of an organization is required before one can adopt the term Master Locksmith. [ citation needed ]
The majority of locksmiths also work on any existing door hardware, not just locking mechanisms. This includes door closers, door hinges, electric strikes, frame repairs and other door hardware.
Locks
In the general case, a lock will not keep out an absolutely determined intruder with unlimited resources, skills, knowledge and time. However, even a minimal lock can delay a typical intruder for a time, and the disturbance generated in circumventing a high-quality lock, for example by breaking windows or doors, can deter many attackers, causing them to direct their attacks against weaker targets.
When combined with secure containers, or document destruction systems, or electronic access or alarm systems, locks can provide much higher levels of security. Some locksmiths possess these skills, and others form business relationships with companies or individuals with these specialties.
'Full disclosure'
The issue of full disclosure was first raised in the context of locksmithing, in a 19th-century controversy regarding whether weaknesses in lock systems should be kept secret in the locksmithing community, or revealed to the public.
According to A. C. Hobbs :
A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically;and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practiced it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased.
-- From A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
Locksmithing is a traditional trade, and in most countries requires completion of an Apprenticeship . The level of formal education required varies from country to country, from a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full Diploma from an Engineering College (such as in Australia ) in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.
Types of locks
See Category:Locks
Technical terms in locksmithing
Bitting
Bolt stump
Change key
Key origination
Key code
Key blank
Key relevance
Maison key system
Master keying
Rekey
Shear line
Technical terms in lock-picking
Locksmith
Tubular lock pick
Tension wrench
Slim Jim (lock pick)
locksmith
Locksmithing is one of the earliest forms of security engineering . [ citation needed ] Lock picking was one of the first methods of cracking security systems. [ citation needed ] The oldest known lock was approximately 4,000 years old and was of Egyptian make. It was found in the ruins of the Emperor Sargon II 's palace in Khorsabad . It used the same pin tumbler principle employed by many modern locks. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Work
3 Employment
4 Locks
5 'Full disclosure'
6 Types of locks
7 Technical terms in locksmithing
8 Technical terms in lock-picking
9 References
10 See also
//
Terminology
A "smith" of any type is one who shapes metal pieces, often using a forge or mould , into useful objects or to be part of a more complex structure. Locksmithing, as its name implies, is the assembly and designing of locks and their respective keys.
Work
Historically, locksmiths actually made the entire lock, working for hours hand cutting screws and doing much file-work. Today, the rise of cheap mass production means that this is no longer true, and, though a few expert locksmiths are also engineers and capable of sophisticated repairs and renovation work, the vast majority of locks are repaired by swapping of parts or like-for-like replacement, or upgraded to modern mass-production items. Until more recently, safes and strongboxes were the exception to this, and to this day large vaults are custom designed and built at great cost, as the cost of this is lower than the very limited scope for mass production would allow, and the risk of a copy being obtained and defeated as practice is removed. Although fitting of keys to replace lost keys to automobiles and homes and the changing of keys for homes and businesses to maintain security are still an important part of locksmithing, locksmiths today are primarily involved in the installation of higher quality lock-sets and the design, implementation and management of keying and key control systems. Most locksmiths also do electronic lock servicing, such as making keys for transponder-equipped vehicles and the implementation and application of access control systems protecting individuals and assets for many large institutions. In terms of physical security, a locksmith's work frequently involves making a determination of the level of risk to an individual or institution and then recommending and implementing appropriate combinations of equipment and policies to create "security layers" which exceed the reasonable gain to an intruder or attacker. The more different security layers are implemented, the more the requirement for additional skills and knowledge and tools to defeat them all. But because each layer comes at an expense to the customer, the application of appropriate levels without exceeding reasonable costs to the customer is often very important and requires a skilled and knowledgeable locksmith to determine.
Employment
Locksmiths may be commercial (working out of a storefront), mobile (working out of a vehicle), institutional (employed by an institution) or investigational (forensic locksmiths) or may specialize in one aspect of the skill, such as an automotive lock specialist, a master key system specialist or a safe technician. Many (not all) are also security consultants, but not every security consultant has the skills and knowledge of a locksmith. Locksmiths are frequently certified in specific skill areas or to a level of skill within the trade. This is separate from certificates of completion of training courses. In determining skill levels, certifications from manufacturers or locksmith associations are usually more valid criteria than certificates of completion. Some locksmiths decide to call themselves "Master Locksmiths" whether they are fully trained or not, and some training certificates appear quite authoritative. It may be noted, however, that in some countries a particular level of qualification or membership of an organization is required before one can adopt the term Master Locksmith. [ citation needed ]
The majority of locksmiths also work on any existing door hardware, not just locking mechanisms. This includes door closers, door hinges, electric strikes, frame repairs and other door hardware.
Locks
In the general case, a lock will not keep out an absolutely determined intruder with unlimited resources, skills, knowledge and time. However, even a minimal lock can delay a typical intruder for a time, and the disturbance generated in circumventing a high-quality lock, for example by breaking windows or doors, can deter many attackers, causing them to direct their attacks against weaker targets.
When combined with secure containers, or document destruction systems, or electronic access or alarm systems, locks can provide much higher levels of security. Some locksmiths possess these skills, and others form business relationships with companies or individuals with these specialties.
'Full disclosure'
The issue of full disclosure was first raised in the context of locksmithing, in a 19th-century controversy regarding whether weaknesses in lock systems should be kept secret in the locksmithing community, or revealed to the public.
According to A. C. Hobbs :
A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically;and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practiced it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased.
-- From A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
Locksmithing is a traditional trade, and in most countries requires completion of an Apprenticeship . The level of formal education required varies from country to country, from a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full Diploma from an Engineering College (such as in Australia ) in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.
Types of locks
See Category:Locks
Technical terms in locksmithing
Bitting
Bolt stump
Change key
Key origination
Key code
Key blank
Key relevance
Maison key system
Master keying
Rekey
Shear line
Technical terms in lock-picking
Locksmith
Tubular lock pick
Tension wrench
Slim Jim (lock pick)
24 hour locksmiths
Locksmithing is one of the earliest forms of security engineering . [ citation needed ] Lock picking was one of the first methods of cracking security systems. [ citation needed ] The oldest known lock was approximately 4,000 years old and was of Egyptian make. It was found in the ruins of the Emperor Sargon II 's palace in Khorsabad . It used the same pin tumbler principle employed by many modern locks. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Work
3 Employment
4 Locks
5 'Full disclosure'
6 Types of locks
7 Technical terms in locksmithing
8 Technical terms in lock-picking
9 References
10 See also
//
Terminology
A "smith" of any type is one who shapes metal pieces, often using a forge or mould , into useful objects or to be part of a more complex structure. Locksmithing, as its name implies, is the assembly and designing of locks and their respective keys.
Work
Historically, locksmiths actually made the entire lock, working for hours hand cutting screws and doing much file-work. Today, the rise of cheap mass production means that this is no longer true, and, though a few expert locksmiths are also engineers and capable of sophisticated repairs and renovation work, the vast majority of locks are repaired by swapping of parts or like-for-like replacement, or upgraded to modern mass-production items. Until more recently, safes and strongboxes were the exception to this, and to this day large vaults are custom designed and built at great cost, as the cost of this is lower than the very limited scope for mass production would allow, and the risk of a copy being obtained and defeated as practice is removed. Although fitting of keys to replace lost keys to automobiles and homes and the changing of keys for homes and businesses to maintain security are still an important part of locksmithing, locksmiths today are primarily involved in the installation of higher quality lock-sets and the design, implementation and management of keying and key control systems. Most locksmiths also do electronic lock servicing, such as making keys for transponder-equipped vehicles and the implementation and application of access control systems protecting individuals and assets for many large institutions. In terms of physical security, a locksmith's work frequently involves making a determination of the level of risk to an individual or institution and then recommending and implementing appropriate combinations of equipment and policies to create "security layers" which exceed the reasonable gain to an intruder or attacker. The more different security layers are implemented, the more the requirement for additional skills and knowledge and tools to defeat them all. But because each layer comes at an expense to the customer, the application of appropriate levels without exceeding reasonable costs to the customer is often very important and requires a skilled and knowledgeable locksmith to determine.
Employment
Locksmiths may be commercial (working out of a storefront), mobile (working out of a vehicle), institutional (employed by an institution) or investigational (forensic locksmiths) or may specialize in one aspect of the skill, such as an automotive lock specialist, a master key system specialist or a safe technician. Many (not all) are also security consultants, but not every security consultant has the skills and knowledge of a locksmith. Locksmiths are frequently certified in specific skill areas or to a level of skill within the trade. This is separate from certificates of completion of training courses. In determining skill levels, certifications from manufacturers or locksmith associations are usually more valid criteria than certificates of completion. Some locksmiths decide to call themselves "Master Locksmiths" whether they are fully trained or not, and some training certificates appear quite authoritative. It may be noted, however, that in some countries a particular level of qualification or membership of an organization is required before one can adopt the term Master Locksmith. [ citation needed ]
The majority of locksmiths also work on any existing door hardware, not just locking mechanisms. This includes door closers, door hinges, electric strikes, frame repairs and other door hardware.
Locks
In the general case, a lock will not keep out an absolutely determined intruder with unlimited resources, skills, knowledge and time. However, even a minimal lock can delay a typical intruder for a time, and the disturbance generated in circumventing a high-quality lock, for example by breaking windows or doors, can deter many attackers, causing them to direct their attacks against weaker targets.
When combined with secure containers, or document destruction systems, or electronic access or alarm systems, locks can provide much higher levels of security. Some locksmiths possess these skills, and others form business relationships with companies or individuals with these specialties.
'Full disclosure'
The issue of full disclosure was first raised in the context of locksmithing, in a 19th-century controversy regarding whether weaknesses in lock systems should be kept secret in the locksmithing community, or revealed to the public.
According to A. C. Hobbs :
A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically;and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practiced it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased.
-- From A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
Locksmithing is a traditional trade, and in most countries requires completion of an Apprenticeship . The level of formal education required varies from country to country, from a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full Diploma from an Engineering College (such as in Australia ) in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.
Types of locks
See Category:Locks
Technical terms in locksmithing
Bitting
Bolt stump
Change key
Key origination
Key code
Key blank
Key relevance
Maison key system
Master keying
Rekey
Shear line
Technical terms in lock-picking
Locksmith
Tubular lock pick
Tension wrench
Slim Jim (lock pick)
24 hour locksmiths
Locksmithing is one of the earliest forms of security engineering . [ citation needed ] Lock picking was one of the first methods of cracking security systems. [ citation needed ] The oldest known lock was approximately 4,000 years old and was of Egyptian make. It was found in the ruins of the Emperor Sargon II 's palace in Khorsabad . It used the same pin tumbler principle employed by many modern locks. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Work
3 Employment
4 Locks
5 'Full disclosure'
6 Types of locks
7 Technical terms in locksmithing
8 Technical terms in lock-picking
9 References
10 See also
//
Terminology
A "smith" of any type is one who shapes metal pieces, often using a forge or mould , into useful objects or to be part of a more complex structure. Locksmithing, as its name implies, is the assembly and designing of locks and their respective keys.
Work
Historically, locksmiths actually made the entire lock, working for hours hand cutting screws and doing much file-work. Today, the rise of cheap mass production means that this is no longer true, and, though a few expert locksmiths are also engineers and capable of sophisticated repairs and renovation work, the vast majority of locks are repaired by swapping of parts or like-for-like replacement, or upgraded to modern mass-production items. Until more recently, safes and strongboxes were the exception to this, and to this day large vaults are custom designed and built at great cost, as the cost of this is lower than the very limited scope for mass production would allow, and the risk of a copy being obtained and defeated as practice is removed. Although fitting of keys to replace lost keys to automobiles and homes and the changing of keys for homes and businesses to maintain security are still an important part of locksmithing, locksmiths today are primarily involved in the installation of higher quality lock-sets and the design, implementation and management of keying and key control systems. Most locksmiths also do electronic lock servicing, such as making keys for transponder-equipped vehicles and the implementation and application of access control systems protecting individuals and assets for many large institutions. In terms of physical security, a locksmith's work frequently involves making a determination of the level of risk to an individual or institution and then recommending and implementing appropriate combinations of equipment and policies to create "security layers" which exceed the reasonable gain to an intruder or attacker. The more different security layers are implemented, the more the requirement for additional skills and knowledge and tools to defeat them all. But because each layer comes at an expense to the customer, the application of appropriate levels without exceeding reasonable costs to the customer is often very important and requires a skilled and knowledgeable locksmith to determine.
Employment
Locksmiths may be commercial (working out of a storefront), mobile (working out of a vehicle), institutional (employed by an institution) or investigational (forensic locksmiths) or may specialize in one aspect of the skill, such as an automotive lock specialist, a master key system specialist or a safe technician. Many (not all) are also security consultants, but not every security consultant has the skills and knowledge of a locksmith. Locksmiths are frequently certified in specific skill areas or to a level of skill within the trade. This is separate from certificates of completion of training courses. In determining skill levels, certifications from manufacturers or locksmith associations are usually more valid criteria than certificates of completion. Some locksmiths decide to call themselves "Master Locksmiths" whether they are fully trained or not, and some training certificates appear quite authoritative. It may be noted, however, that in some countries a particular level of qualification or membership of an organization is required before one can adopt the term Master Locksmith. [ citation needed ]
The majority of locksmiths also work on any existing door hardware, not just locking mechanisms. This includes door closers, door hinges, electric strikes, frame repairs and other door hardware.
Locks
In the general case, a lock will not keep out an absolutely determined intruder with unlimited resources, skills, knowledge and time. However, even a minimal lock can delay a typical intruder for a time, and the disturbance generated in circumventing a high-quality lock, for example by breaking windows or doors, can deter many attackers, causing them to direct their attacks against weaker targets.
When combined with secure containers, or document destruction systems, or electronic access or alarm systems, locks can provide much higher levels of security. Some locksmiths possess these skills, and others form business relationships with companies or individuals with these specialties.
'Full disclosure'
The issue of full disclosure was first raised in the context of locksmithing, in a 19th-century controversy regarding whether weaknesses in lock systems should be kept secret in the locksmithing community, or revealed to the public.
According to A. C. Hobbs :
A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically;and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practiced it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased.
-- From A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
Locksmithing is a traditional trade, and in most countries requires completion of an Apprenticeship . The level of formal education required varies from country to country, from a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full Diploma from an Engineering College (such as in Australia ) in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.
Types of locks
See Category:Locks
Technical terms in locksmithing
Bitting
Bolt stump
Change key
Key origination
Key code
Key blank
Key relevance
Maison key system
Master keying
Rekey
Shear line
Technical terms in lock-picking
Locksmith
Tubular lock pick
Tension wrench
Slim Jim (lock pick)
all locksmiths
Locksmithing is one of the earliest forms of security engineering . [ citation needed ] Lock picking was one of the first methods of cracking security systems. [ citation needed ] The oldest known lock was approximately 4,000 years old and was of Egyptian make. It was found in the ruins of the Emperor Sargon II 's palace in Khorsabad . It used the same pin tumbler principle employed by many modern locks. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Work
3 Employment
4 Locks
5 'Full disclosure'
6 Types of locks
7 Technical terms in locksmithing
8 Technical terms in lock-picking
9 References
10 See also
//
Terminology
A "smith" of any type is one who shapes metal pieces, often using a forge or mould , into useful objects or to be part of a more complex structure. Locksmithing, as its name implies, is the assembly and designing of locks and their respective keys.
Work
Historically, locksmiths actually made the entire lock, working for hours hand cutting screws and doing much file-work. Today, the rise of cheap mass production means that this is no longer true, and, though a few expert locksmiths are also engineers and capable of sophisticated repairs and renovation work, the vast majority of locks are repaired by swapping of parts or like-for-like replacement, or upgraded to modern mass-production items. Until more recently, safes and strongboxes were the exception to this, and to this day large vaults are custom designed and built at great cost, as the cost of this is lower than the very limited scope for mass production would allow, and the risk of a copy being obtained and defeated as practice is removed. Although fitting of keys to replace lost keys to automobiles and homes and the changing of keys for homes and businesses to maintain security are still an important part of locksmithing, locksmiths today are primarily involved in the installation of higher quality lock-sets and the design, implementation and management of keying and key control systems. Most locksmiths also do electronic lock servicing, such as making keys for transponder-equipped vehicles and the implementation and application of access control systems protecting individuals and assets for many large institutions. In terms of physical security, a locksmith's work frequently involves making a determination of the level of risk to an individual or institution and then recommending and implementing appropriate combinations of equipment and policies to create "security layers" which exceed the reasonable gain to an intruder or attacker. The more different security layers are implemented, the more the requirement for additional skills and knowledge and tools to defeat them all. But because each layer comes at an expense to the customer, the application of appropriate levels without exceeding reasonable costs to the customer is often very important and requires a skilled and knowledgeable locksmith to determine.
Employment
Locksmiths may be commercial (working out of a storefront), mobile (working out of a vehicle), institutional (employed by an institution) or investigational (forensic locksmiths) or may specialize in one aspect of the skill, such as an automotive lock specialist, a master key system specialist or a safe technician. Many (not all) are also security consultants, but not every security consultant has the skills and knowledge of a locksmith. Locksmiths are frequently certified in specific skill areas or to a level of skill within the trade. This is separate from certificates of completion of training courses. In determining skill levels, certifications from manufacturers or locksmith associations are usually more valid criteria than certificates of completion. Some locksmiths decide to call themselves "Master Locksmiths" whether they are fully trained or not, and some training certificates appear quite authoritative. It may be noted, however, that in some countries a particular level of qualification or membership of an organization is required before one can adopt the term Master Locksmith. [ citation needed ]
The majority of locksmiths also work on any existing door hardware, not just locking mechanisms. This includes door closers, door hinges, electric strikes, frame repairs and other door hardware.
Locks
In the general case, a lock will not keep out an absolutely determined intruder with unlimited resources, skills, knowledge and time. However, even a minimal lock can delay a typical intruder for a time, and the disturbance generated in circumventing a high-quality lock, for example by breaking windows or doors, can deter many attackers, causing them to direct their attacks against weaker targets.
When combined with secure containers, or document destruction systems, or electronic access or alarm systems, locks can provide much higher levels of security. Some locksmiths possess these skills, and others form business relationships with companies or individuals with these specialties.
'Full disclosure'
The issue of full disclosure was first raised in the context of locksmithing, in a 19th-century controversy regarding whether weaknesses in lock systems should be kept secret in the locksmithing community, or revealed to the public.
According to A. C. Hobbs :
A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically;and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practiced it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased.
-- From A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
Locksmithing is a traditional trade, and in most countries requires completion of an Apprenticeship . The level of formal education required varies from country to country, from a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full Diploma from an Engineering College (such as in Australia ) in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.
Types of locks
See Category:Locks
Technical terms in locksmithing
Bitting
Bolt stump
Change key
Key origination
Key code
Key blank
Key relevance
Maison key system
Master keying
Rekey
Shear line
Technical terms in lock-picking
Locksmith
Tubular lock pick
Tension wrench
Slim Jim (lock pick)
all locksmiths
Locksmithing is one of the earliest forms of security engineering . [ citation needed ] Lock picking was one of the first methods of cracking security systems. [ citation needed ] The oldest known lock was approximately 4,000 years old and was of Egyptian make. It was found in the ruins of the Emperor Sargon II 's palace in Khorsabad . It used the same pin tumbler principle employed by many modern locks. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Work
3 Employment
4 Locks
5 'Full disclosure'
6 Types of locks
7 Technical terms in locksmithing
8 Technical terms in lock-picking
9 References
10 See also
//
Terminology
A "smith" of any type is one who shapes metal pieces, often using a forge or mould , into useful objects or to be part of a more complex structure. Locksmithing, as its name implies, is the assembly and designing of locks and their respective keys.
Work
Historically, locksmiths actually made the entire lock, working for hours hand cutting screws and doing much file-work. Today, the rise of cheap mass production means that this is no longer true, and, though a few expert locksmiths are also engineers and capable of sophisticated repairs and renovation work, the vast majority of locks are repaired by swapping of parts or like-for-like replacement, or upgraded to modern mass-production items. Until more recently, safes and strongboxes were the exception to this, and to this day large vaults are custom designed and built at great cost, as the cost of this is lower than the very limited scope for mass production would allow, and the risk of a copy being obtained and defeated as practice is removed. Although fitting of keys to replace lost keys to automobiles and homes and the changing of keys for homes and businesses to maintain security are still an important part of locksmithing, locksmiths today are primarily involved in the installation of higher quality lock-sets and the design, implementation and management of keying and key control systems. Most locksmiths also do electronic lock servicing, such as making keys for transponder-equipped vehicles and the implementation and application of access control systems protecting individuals and assets for many large institutions. In terms of physical security, a locksmith's work frequently involves making a determination of the level of risk to an individual or institution and then recommending and implementing appropriate combinations of equipment and policies to create "security layers" which exceed the reasonable gain to an intruder or attacker. The more different security layers are implemented, the more the requirement for additional skills and knowledge and tools to defeat them all. But because each layer comes at an expense to the customer, the application of appropriate levels without exceeding reasonable costs to the customer is often very important and requires a skilled and knowledgeable locksmith to determine.
Employment
Locksmiths may be commercial (working out of a storefront), mobile (working out of a vehicle), institutional (employed by an institution) or investigational (forensic locksmiths) or may specialize in one aspect of the skill, such as an automotive lock specialist, a master key system specialist or a safe technician. Many (not all) are also security consultants, but not every security consultant has the skills and knowledge of a locksmith. Locksmiths are frequently certified in specific skill areas or to a level of skill within the trade. This is separate from certificates of completion of training courses. In determining skill levels, certifications from manufacturers or locksmith associations are usually more valid criteria than certificates of completion. Some locksmiths decide to call themselves "Master Locksmiths" whether they are fully trained or not, and some training certificates appear quite authoritative. It may be noted, however, that in some countries a particular level of qualification or membership of an organization is required before one can adopt the term Master Locksmith. [ citation needed ]
The majority of locksmiths also work on any existing door hardware, not just locking mechanisms. This includes door closers, door hinges, electric strikes, frame repairs and other door hardware.
Locks
In the general case, a lock will not keep out an absolutely determined intruder with unlimited resources, skills, knowledge and time. However, even a minimal lock can delay a typical intruder for a time, and the disturbance generated in circumventing a high-quality lock, for example by breaking windows or doors, can deter many attackers, causing them to direct their attacks against weaker targets.
When combined with secure containers, or document destruction systems, or electronic access or alarm systems, locks can provide much higher levels of security. Some locksmiths possess these skills, and others form business relationships with companies or individuals with these specialties.
'Full disclosure'
The issue of full disclosure was first raised in the context of locksmithing, in a 19th-century controversy regarding whether weaknesses in lock systems should be kept secret in the locksmithing community, or revealed to the public.
According to A. C. Hobbs :
A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically;and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practiced it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased.
-- From A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
Locksmithing is a traditional trade, and in most countries requires completion of an Apprenticeship . The level of formal education required varies from country to country, from a simple training certificate awarded by an employer, to a full Diploma from an Engineering College (such as in Australia ) in addition to time spent working as an apprentice.
Types of locks
See Category:Locks
Technical terms in locksmithing
Bitting
Bolt stump
Change key
Key origination
Key code
Key blank
Key relevance
Maison key system
Master keying
Rekey
Shear line
Technical terms in lock-picking
Locksmith
Tubular lock pick
Tension wrench
Slim Jim (lock pick)
Allandale
Allandale is surrounded on three sides by the city of Port Orange , with the fourth side being the Halifax River .
Allandale
Allandale is surrounded on three sides by the city of Port Orange , with the fourth side being the Halifax River .
Barberville
Barberville
broken key
Keys provide an inexpensive, though imperfect , method of access control for access to properties like buildings and vehicles. As such, keys are an essential feature of modern living in the developed world, and are common around the globe. It is common for people to carry the set of keys they need for their daily activities around with them, often linked by a keyring adorned by key fobs and known as a keychain.
Contents
1 Types of keys
1.1 House keys
1.2 Car key
1.3 Master key
1.4 Control key
1.5 Transponder key
1.6 Double-sided key
1.7 Four-sided key
1.8 Paracentric key
1.9 Internal cut key
1.10 Abloy key
1.11 Dimple key
1.12 Skeleton key
1.13 Tubular key
1.14 Zeiss key
1.15 Do Not Duplicate key
1.16 Restricted key
1.17 Magnetic key
1.18 Keycard
2 History of locks and keys
3 Key duplication
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
//
Types of keys
House keys
Main article: Pin tumbler lock
A house key is the most common sort of key. There are two main forms. The older form is for lever locks, where a pack of flat levers (typically between two and five) are raised to different heights by the key whereupon the slots or gates of the levers line up and permit a bolt to move back and forth, opening or closing the lock. The teeth or bittings of the key have flat tops rather than being pointed. Lever lock keys tend to be bigger and less convenient for carrying, although lever locks tend to be more secure. These are still common in many European countries.
The more recent form of house key is that for a pin-tumbler or wafer-tumbler lock. When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open. These are predominate in the United States of America.
Car key
Ignition switch between the seats (2005 Saab 9-5 ).
Car keys.
Main article: Power door locks
A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open and/or start an automobile. Modern key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold. A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition , open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Some valet keys, particularly those to high-performance vehicles, go so far as to restrict the engine's power output to prevent joyriding . [ 1 ] Recently, features such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles. More sophisticated systems make ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch.
Car key in ignition.
Switchblade key from a 2005 Land Rover LR3.
Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modern vehicles) or the gear lever (such as in Saab Automobile vehicles). In the latter, the switch is between the seats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.
Keyless entry systems , which use either a door-mounted keypad or a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard feature on many new cars. Some of them are handsfree .
Some high tech automotive keys are billed as theft deterrents. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared beam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost, and can cost up to US$400. Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed. This eliminates the need for a separate key fob. This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials. [ 2 ]
A switchblade key is basically the same as any other car key. The only difference is its appearance. The switchblade key is designed to fold away inside the fob when it is not being used. To release the key from the fob you simply push a button on the side of your fob that triggers the keys release. Switchblade keys have become very popular recently because of their smart compact look.
Because switchblade keys are only developed for new car models they are usually equipped with a programmed transponder chip.
Master key
A master key is intended to open a set of several locks. Usually, there is nothing special about the key itself, but rather the locks into which it will fit. These locks also have keys that are specific to each one (the change key ) and cannot open any of the others in the set. Locks that have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them that is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shear points at each pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key. A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in each lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.
Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system.
A practical attack exists to create a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock, its associated change key, a supply of appropriate key blanks, and the ability to cut new keys. This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks .
Locksmiths may also determine cuts for a replacement master key, when given several different key examples from a given system.
Control key
A control key is a special key used in removable core locking systems. The control key enables a user with very little skill to remove from the cylinder, quickly and easily, a core with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination. In Small Format Interchangeable Cores (SFIC), similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation , the key operates a separate shear line, located above the operating key shear line. In Large Format Removable Cores (LFRC), the key may operate a separate shear line or the key may work like a master key along the operating shear line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder. SFIC's are interchangeable from one brand to another, while LFRC's are not.
Transponder key
Transponder keys may also be called “ chip keys ”. Transponder keys are automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.
When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit. The circuit has no battery; it is energized by the radio signal itself. The circuit typically has a computer chip that is programmed to respond by sending a coded signal back to the car's computer. If the circuit does not respond or if the code is incorrect, the engine will not start. Many cars immobilize if the wrong key is used by intruders. Chip Keys successfully protect cars from theft in two ways: forcing the ignition cylinder won't start the car, and the keys are difficult to duplicate. This is why chip keys are popular in modern cars and help decrease car theft.
Many people who have transponder keys are not aware of the fact because the circuit is hidden inside the plastic head of the key. On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the blade of the key. If the value of the resistor is wrong, or the key is a normal key without a resistor, the circuit of the car's electrical system will not allow the engine to be started.
Double-sided key
SentrySafe four-sided key
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it. This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult.
Four-sided key
A four-sided key (also known a cross or cruciform key) has four sides, making it not only harder to duplicate and the lock harder to pick, but it is also physically more durable.
Paracentric key
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock . It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel. Instead of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth. [ 3 ] Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but this requires some skill and know-how.
Internal cut key
An internal cut (also known as "Sidewinder" or "Laser Cut") key has a rectangular blade with a wavy groove cut up the center of the face of blade, at constant depth.
Typically the key has an identical wavy groove on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. Also referred to as the inner profile or sidewinder. These keys must be cut by special key cutting machines made for them. [ 4 ]
Abloy key
Main article: disc tumbler lock
Abloy keys are cut from a metal half-cylinder. The cuts are made at different angles, so when the key is turned in the lock it rotates each disk a different amount.
Nearly all the houses in Finland use Abloy keys, although they are also widely used in various locales worldwide. These locks are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Dimple key
A dimple key has a rectangular blade with various cone-shaped dimples drilled into the face of the blade at various depths. Typically the lock has 2 rows of pins that match up with 2 rows of dimples. Typically the key has the same dimple pattern on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Kaba and Dom are manufactures of dimpled keys. These keys are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ citation needed ]
Skeleton key
A warded lock fits both its key and skeleton keys its size or smaller.
A bronze skeleton key
Main article: skeleton key
A skeleton key (or passkey ) is a very simple design of key that usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a shank ) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit . Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their bow , or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate. A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks . Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock. However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many. Many other objects that can fit into the lock may also be able to open it.
Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became easier to manufacture. In modern usage, the term "skeleton key" is often misapplied to ordinary bit keys and barrel keys, rather than the correct definition: a key, usually with minimal features, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock. Bit keys and barrel keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antique stores.
They were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture.
A bit key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a bit key usually has a solid shank, whereas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key.
Tubular key
A tubular key
A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a barrel key when describing a vintage or antique model) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock . It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft that is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys. Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional skeleton key but are a more recent innovation in keymaking. In modern keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft. These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove. A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned.
The modern version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys. These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, vending machines, and bicycle locks , in the United States. These keys typically come in seven and eight-pin versions as well as miniature versions which are used on computers. Tubular keys were invented by the Ace lock company in Chicago. [ citation needed ]
Zeiss key
A Zeiss key (also known as a Cruciform key ) is a cross between a house key and a tubular key. It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to each other with a flattened fourth side. Though this type of key is easy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts.
Do Not Duplicate key
A keychain , a simple way to hold keys
A Do Not Duplicate key (or DND key , for short) is one that has been stamped "do not duplicate" and/or "duplication prohibited" or similar by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to discourage a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key. More importantly, this is a key control system for the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization. Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying DND keys remains a common security problem. There is no direct legal implication in the US for someone who copies a key that is stamped do not duplicate (unless it is an owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys"). The Associated Locksmiths of America , ALOA, calls DND keys "not effective security", and "deceptive because it provides a false sense of security."
United States Code 18 USC Sec. 1704 deals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec. 1386 deals with United States Department of Defense keys.
Restricted key
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution. Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank. In many cases, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will cut additional keys using restricted blanks. These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid features, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication.
Magnetic key
Main article: magnetic keyed lock
A magnetic keyed lock is a locking mechanism whereby the key utilizes magnets as part of the locking and unlocking mechanism.
A magnetic key would use from one to many small magnets oriented so that the North / South Poles would equate to a combination to push or pull the lock's internal tumblers thus releasing the lock. This is a totally passive system requiring no electricity or electronics to activate or deactivate the mechanism. Using several magnets at differing polarity / orientations and different strengths can allow thousands of different combinations per key. [ 10 ]
Keycard
Main article: keycard lock
A keycard is a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a credit card or driver's license which stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
There are several popular type of keycards in use including the mechanical holecard , bar code , magnetic stripe , Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip ), and RFID proximity cards.
Keycards are frequently used in hotels as an alternative to mechanical keys. [ citation needed ]
History of locks and keys
Anglo-Viking voided key (c. 900AD)
Main article: Lock (device)
Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Egypt. [ 11 ] It is also said that key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC. [ citation needed ]
In the United States, keys have been seen as a symbol of power since colonial times. When William Penn arrived in Delaware 1682, a very elaborate ceremony was carried out where he was given the key to the defense works. [ 12 ]
Flat metal keys proliferated in the early 20th century, following the introduction of mechanical key duplicators, which allow easy duplication of such keys.
Key duplication
Mechanical Key duplicating machine invented in 1917, discussed in History, right.
Video showing the process of cutting a key.
Key cutting (after cutting , the metalworking term for "shaping by removing material") is the primary method of key duplication: a flat key is fitted into a vise in a machine, with a blank attached to a parallel vise, and the original key is moved along a guide, while the blank is moved against a wheel, which cuts it. [ 13 ] After cutting, the new key is deburred: scrubbed with a metal brush to remove burrs , small pieces of metal remaining on the key, which, were they not removed, would be dangerously sharp and, further, foul locks.
Different key cutting machines are more or less automated, using different milling or grinding equipment, and follow the design of early 20th century key duplicators.
Key duplication is available in many retail hardware stores and of course as a service of the specialized locksmith, though the correct key blank may not be available.
Certain keys are designed to be difficult to copy, for key control , such as Medeco , while others are simply stamped Do Not Duplicate to advise that key control is requested, but in the US, this disclaimer has no legal weight.
Rather than using a pattern grinder to remove metal, keys may also be duplicated with a punch machine. The key to be duplicated is measured for the depth of each notch with a gauge and then placed into a device with a numeric slider. The slider is adjusted to match the corresponding measured depth and a lever is depressed, which cuts the entire notch at once. As the lever is raised the key automatically advances to the next indexed position and the slider is adjusted appropriately to the next measured depth. This cycle is continued until the key is complete.
Duplicating keys by this process is more labor intense and requires somewhat better trained personnel. However, keys made in this fashion have clean margins and the depth of the notches are not subject to wear induced changes encountered when heavily worn keys are duplicated using a pattern grinder. Keys may also be made in this fashion without an original as long as the depth of each notch and the type of key blank are known. This is particularly useful for institutions with a great number of locks for which they do not want to maintain a wide variety of archived copies.
A machine permitting rapid duplication of flat metal keys, which contributed to the proliferation of their use during the 20th century, may have been first invented in the United States in 1917 (image to the left):
“
The key to be duplicated is placed in one vise and the blank key to be cut in a corresponding vise under the cutting disk. The vise carriage is then into such position by means of a lateral-feed clutch that the shoulders of both the pattern and blank keys just touch the guide disk and cutter respectively. The lateral-feed clutch on the top of the machine is then thrown, and the vertical feed rod released into action and power applied through the combination hand-crank power wheel on the right of the machine, until the cutter has passed over the entire length at the blank. A duplicate of the pattern key is obtained in about one minute.
”
Popular culture
Coat of arms of the Vatican
Keys appear in various symbols and coats of arms, the most well-known being that of the Vatican - derived from the story of Saint Peter , the first Pope , being given the Keys of Heaven.
See also
Advanced key
Boss key
Password
Passphrase
Personal Identification Number
Personal Unblocking Code
Key (cryptography)
broken key
Keys provide an inexpensive, though imperfect , method of access control for access to properties like buildings and vehicles. As such, keys are an essential feature of modern living in the developed world, and are common around the globe. It is common for people to carry the set of keys they need for their daily activities around with them, often linked by a keyring adorned by key fobs and known as a keychain.
Contents
1 Types of keys
1.1 House keys
1.2 Car key
1.3 Master key
1.4 Control key
1.5 Transponder key
1.6 Double-sided key
1.7 Four-sided key
1.8 Paracentric key
1.9 Internal cut key
1.10 Abloy key
1.11 Dimple key
1.12 Skeleton key
1.13 Tubular key
1.14 Zeiss key
1.15 Do Not Duplicate key
1.16 Restricted key
1.17 Magnetic key
1.18 Keycard
2 History of locks and keys
3 Key duplication
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
//
Types of keys
House keys
Main article: Pin tumbler lock
A house key is the most common sort of key. There are two main forms. The older form is for lever locks, where a pack of flat levers (typically between two and five) are raised to different heights by the key whereupon the slots or gates of the levers line up and permit a bolt to move back and forth, opening or closing the lock. The teeth or bittings of the key have flat tops rather than being pointed. Lever lock keys tend to be bigger and less convenient for carrying, although lever locks tend to be more secure. These are still common in many European countries.
The more recent form of house key is that for a pin-tumbler or wafer-tumbler lock. When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open. These are predominate in the United States of America.
Car key
Ignition switch between the seats (2005 Saab 9-5 ).
Car keys.
Main article: Power door locks
A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open and/or start an automobile. Modern key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold. A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition , open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Some valet keys, particularly those to high-performance vehicles, go so far as to restrict the engine's power output to prevent joyriding . [ 1 ] Recently, features such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles. More sophisticated systems make ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch.
Car key in ignition.
Switchblade key from a 2005 Land Rover LR3.
Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modern vehicles) or the gear lever (such as in Saab Automobile vehicles). In the latter, the switch is between the seats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.
Keyless entry systems , which use either a door-mounted keypad or a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard feature on many new cars. Some of them are handsfree .
Some high tech automotive keys are billed as theft deterrents. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared beam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost, and can cost up to US$400. Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed. This eliminates the need for a separate key fob. This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials. [ 2 ]
A switchblade key is basically the same as any other car key. The only difference is its appearance. The switchblade key is designed to fold away inside the fob when it is not being used. To release the key from the fob you simply push a button on the side of your fob that triggers the keys release. Switchblade keys have become very popular recently because of their smart compact look.
Because switchblade keys are only developed for new car models they are usually equipped with a programmed transponder chip.
Master key
A master key is intended to open a set of several locks. Usually, there is nothing special about the key itself, but rather the locks into which it will fit. These locks also have keys that are specific to each one (the change key ) and cannot open any of the others in the set. Locks that have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them that is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shear points at each pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key. A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in each lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.
Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system.
A practical attack exists to create a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock, its associated change key, a supply of appropriate key blanks, and the ability to cut new keys. This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks .
Locksmiths may also determine cuts for a replacement master key, when given several different key examples from a given system.
Control key
A control key is a special key used in removable core locking systems. The control key enables a user with very little skill to remove from the cylinder, quickly and easily, a core with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination. In Small Format Interchangeable Cores (SFIC), similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation , the key operates a separate shear line, located above the operating key shear line. In Large Format Removable Cores (LFRC), the key may operate a separate shear line or the key may work like a master key along the operating shear line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder. SFIC's are interchangeable from one brand to another, while LFRC's are not.
Transponder key
Transponder keys may also be called “ chip keys ”. Transponder keys are automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.
When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit. The circuit has no battery; it is energized by the radio signal itself. The circuit typically has a computer chip that is programmed to respond by sending a coded signal back to the car's computer. If the circuit does not respond or if the code is incorrect, the engine will not start. Many cars immobilize if the wrong key is used by intruders. Chip Keys successfully protect cars from theft in two ways: forcing the ignition cylinder won't start the car, and the keys are difficult to duplicate. This is why chip keys are popular in modern cars and help decrease car theft.
Many people who have transponder keys are not aware of the fact because the circuit is hidden inside the plastic head of the key. On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the blade of the key. If the value of the resistor is wrong, or the key is a normal key without a resistor, the circuit of the car's electrical system will not allow the engine to be started.
Double-sided key
SentrySafe four-sided key
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it. This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult.
Four-sided key
A four-sided key (also known a cross or cruciform key) has four sides, making it not only harder to duplicate and the lock harder to pick, but it is also physically more durable.
Paracentric key
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock . It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel. Instead of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth. [ 3 ] Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but this requires some skill and know-how.
Internal cut key
An internal cut (also known as "Sidewinder" or "Laser Cut") key has a rectangular blade with a wavy groove cut up the center of the face of blade, at constant depth.
Typically the key has an identical wavy groove on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. Also referred to as the inner profile or sidewinder. These keys must be cut by special key cutting machines made for them. [ 4 ]
Abloy key
Main article: disc tumbler lock
Abloy keys are cut from a metal half-cylinder. The cuts are made at different angles, so when the key is turned in the lock it rotates each disk a different amount.
Nearly all the houses in Finland use Abloy keys, although they are also widely used in various locales worldwide. These locks are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Dimple key
A dimple key has a rectangular blade with various cone-shaped dimples drilled into the face of the blade at various depths. Typically the lock has 2 rows of pins that match up with 2 rows of dimples. Typically the key has the same dimple pattern on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Kaba and Dom are manufactures of dimpled keys. These keys are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ citation needed ]
Skeleton key
A warded lock fits both its key and skeleton keys its size or smaller.
A bronze skeleton key
Main article: skeleton key
A skeleton key (or passkey ) is a very simple design of key that usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a shank ) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit . Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their bow , or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate. A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks . Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock. However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many. Many other objects that can fit into the lock may also be able to open it.
Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became easier to manufacture. In modern usage, the term "skeleton key" is often misapplied to ordinary bit keys and barrel keys, rather than the correct definition: a key, usually with minimal features, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock. Bit keys and barrel keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antique stores.
They were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture.
A bit key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a bit key usually has a solid shank, whereas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key.
Tubular key
A tubular key
A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a barrel key when describing a vintage or antique model) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock . It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft that is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys. Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional skeleton key but are a more recent innovation in keymaking. In modern keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft. These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove. A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned.
The modern version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys. These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, vending machines, and bicycle locks , in the United States. These keys typically come in seven and eight-pin versions as well as miniature versions which are used on computers. Tubular keys were invented by the Ace lock company in Chicago. [ citation needed ]
Zeiss key
A Zeiss key (also known as a Cruciform key ) is a cross between a house key and a tubular key. It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to each other with a flattened fourth side. Though this type of key is easy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts.
Do Not Duplicate key
A keychain , a simple way to hold keys
A Do Not Duplicate key (or DND key , for short) is one that has been stamped "do not duplicate" and/or "duplication prohibited" or similar by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to discourage a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key. More importantly, this is a key control system for the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization. Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying DND keys remains a common security problem. There is no direct legal implication in the US for someone who copies a key that is stamped do not duplicate (unless it is an owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys"). The Associated Locksmiths of America , ALOA, calls DND keys "not effective security", and "deceptive because it provides a false sense of security."
United States Code 18 USC Sec. 1704 deals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec. 1386 deals with United States Department of Defense keys.
Restricted key
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution. Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank. In many cases, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will cut additional keys using restricted blanks. These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid features, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication.
Magnetic key
Main article: magnetic keyed lock
A magnetic keyed lock is a locking mechanism whereby the key utilizes magnets as part of the locking and unlocking mechanism.
A magnetic key would use from one to many small magnets oriented so that the North / South Poles would equate to a combination to push or pull the lock's internal tumblers thus releasing the lock. This is a totally passive system requiring no electricity or electronics to activate or deactivate the mechanism. Using several magnets at differing polarity / orientations and different strengths can allow thousands of different combinations per key. [ 10 ]
Keycard
Main article: keycard lock
A keycard is a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a credit card or driver's license which stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
There are several popular type of keycards in use including the mechanical holecard , bar code , magnetic stripe , Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip ), and RFID proximity cards.
Keycards are frequently used in hotels as an alternative to mechanical keys. [ citation needed ]
History of locks and keys
Anglo-Viking voided key (c. 900AD)
Main article: Lock (device)
Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Egypt. [ 11 ] It is also said that key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC. [ citation needed ]
In the United States, keys have been seen as a symbol of power since colonial times. When William Penn arrived in Delaware 1682, a very elaborate ceremony was carried out where he was given the key to the defense works. [ 12 ]
Flat metal keys proliferated in the early 20th century, following the introduction of mechanical key duplicators, which allow easy duplication of such keys.
Key duplication
Mechanical Key duplicating machine invented in 1917, discussed in History, right.
Video showing the process of cutting a key.
Key cutting (after cutting , the metalworking term for "shaping by removing material") is the primary method of key duplication: a flat key is fitted into a vise in a machine, with a blank attached to a parallel vise, and the original key is moved along a guide, while the blank is moved against a wheel, which cuts it. [ 13 ] After cutting, the new key is deburred: scrubbed with a metal brush to remove burrs , small pieces of metal remaining on the key, which, were they not removed, would be dangerously sharp and, further, foul locks.
Different key cutting machines are more or less automated, using different milling or grinding equipment, and follow the design of early 20th century key duplicators.
Key duplication is available in many retail hardware stores and of course as a service of the specialized locksmith, though the correct key blank may not be available.
Certain keys are designed to be difficult to copy, for key control , such as Medeco , while others are simply stamped Do Not Duplicate to advise that key control is requested, but in the US, this disclaimer has no legal weight.
Rather than using a pattern grinder to remove metal, keys may also be duplicated with a punch machine. The key to be duplicated is measured for the depth of each notch with a gauge and then placed into a device with a numeric slider. The slider is adjusted to match the corresponding measured depth and a lever is depressed, which cuts the entire notch at once. As the lever is raised the key automatically advances to the next indexed position and the slider is adjusted appropriately to the next measured depth. This cycle is continued until the key is complete.
Duplicating keys by this process is more labor intense and requires somewhat better trained personnel. However, keys made in this fashion have clean margins and the depth of the notches are not subject to wear induced changes encountered when heavily worn keys are duplicated using a pattern grinder. Keys may also be made in this fashion without an original as long as the depth of each notch and the type of key blank are known. This is particularly useful for institutions with a great number of locks for which they do not want to maintain a wide variety of archived copies.
A machine permitting rapid duplication of flat metal keys, which contributed to the proliferation of their use during the 20th century, may have been first invented in the United States in 1917 (image to the left):
“
The key to be duplicated is placed in one vise and the blank key to be cut in a corresponding vise under the cutting disk. The vise carriage is then into such position by means of a lateral-feed clutch that the shoulders of both the pattern and blank keys just touch the guide disk and cutter respectively. The lateral-feed clutch on the top of the machine is then thrown, and the vertical feed rod released into action and power applied through the combination hand-crank power wheel on the right of the machine, until the cutter has passed over the entire length at the blank. A duplicate of the pattern key is obtained in about one minute.
”
Popular culture
Coat of arms of the Vatican
Keys appear in various symbols and coats of arms, the most well-known being that of the Vatican - derived from the story of Saint Peter , the first Pope , being given the Keys of Heaven.
See also
Advanced key
Boss key
Password
Passphrase
Personal Identification Number
Personal Unblocking Code
Key (cryptography)
Bunnell
Bunnell describes itself as the "Crossroads of Flagler County."
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Notable people from Bunnell
4 References
5 External links
//
Geography
Bunnell is located at 29°28′03″N 81°15′25″W / 29.467581°N 81.256856°W / 29.467581; -81.256856 . [ 8 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 12.1 km² (4.7 mi²), all land.
Bunnell is located on US Route 1 and is west of Interstate 95 .
Bunnell is the 2nd-largest city in the state of Florida with the annexation of over 87,000 acres [ 3 ] .
Also, the man I happen to love lives in this area, he has a wonderful dog named Jake and a little pet goat.
Demographics
As of the census [ 4 ] of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 845 households, and 490 families residing in the city. The population density was 175.8/km² (455.0/mi²). There were 959 housing units at an average density of 79.5/km² (205.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 63.71% White , 32.56% African American , 0.19% Native American , 0.94% Asian , 1.27% from other races , and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.63% of the population.
There were 845 households out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.8% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.0% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city the population was spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $21,210, and the median income for a family was $25,231. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $17,891 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,274. About 20.1% of families and 22.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 13.1% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people from Bunnell
Bill T. Jones (world-renowned choreographer) - Tony Award Winner for choreography in two musicals, "Spring Awakening", and "Fela".
Charlie Turner - Trumpeter , who played for and with many great musicians, including Jimmy Dorsey and Frank Sinatra .
Eddie Johnson - American soccer star.
Mardy Gilyard - NFL Wide Receiver, St. Louis Rams
Bunnell
Bunnell describes itself as the "Crossroads of Flagler County."
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Notable people from Bunnell
4 References
5 External links
//
Geography
Bunnell is located at 29°28′03″N 81°15′25″W / 29.467581°N 81.256856°W / 29.467581; -81.256856 . [ 8 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 12.1 km² (4.7 mi²), all land.
Bunnell is located on US Route 1 and is west of Interstate 95 .
Bunnell is the 2nd-largest city in the state of Florida with the annexation of over 87,000 acres [ 3 ] .
Also, the man I happen to love lives in this area, he has a wonderful dog named Jake and a little pet goat.
Demographics
As of the census [ 4 ] of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 845 households, and 490 families residing in the city. The population density was 175.8/km² (455.0/mi²). There were 959 housing units at an average density of 79.5/km² (205.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 63.71% White , 32.56% African American , 0.19% Native American , 0.94% Asian , 1.27% from other races , and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.63% of the population.
There were 845 households out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.8% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.0% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city the population was spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $21,210, and the median income for a family was $25,231. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $17,891 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,274. About 20.1% of families and 22.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 13.1% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people from Bunnell
Bill T. Jones (world-renowned choreographer) - Tony Award Winner for choreography in two musicals, "Spring Awakening", and "Fela".
Charlie Turner - Trumpeter , who played for and with many great musicians, including Jimmy Dorsey and Frank Sinatra .
Eddie Johnson - American soccer star.
Mardy Gilyard - NFL Wide Receiver, St. Louis Rams
car key
Keys provide an inexpensive, though imperfect , method of access control for access to properties like buildings and vehicles. As such, keys are an essential feature of modern living in the developed world, and are common around the globe. It is common for people to carry the set of keys they need for their daily activities around with them, often linked by a keyring adorned by key fobs and known as a keychain.
Contents
1 Types of keys
1.1 House keys
1.2 Car key
1.3 Master key
1.4 Control key
1.5 Transponder key
1.6 Double-sided key
1.7 Four-sided key
1.8 Paracentric key
1.9 Internal cut key
1.10 Abloy key
1.11 Dimple key
1.12 Skeleton key
1.13 Tubular key
1.14 Zeiss key
1.15 Do Not Duplicate key
1.16 Restricted key
1.17 Magnetic key
1.18 Keycard
2 History of locks and keys
3 Key duplication
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
//
Types of keys
House keys
Main article: Pin tumbler lock
A house key is the most common sort of key. There are two main forms. The older form is for lever locks, where a pack of flat levers (typically between two and five) are raised to different heights by the key whereupon the slots or gates of the levers line up and permit a bolt to move back and forth, opening or closing the lock. The teeth or bittings of the key have flat tops rather than being pointed. Lever lock keys tend to be bigger and less convenient for carrying, although lever locks tend to be more secure. These are still common in many European countries.
The more recent form of house key is that for a pin-tumbler or wafer-tumbler lock. When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open. These are predominate in the United States of America.
Car key
Ignition switch between the seats (2005 Saab 9-5 ).
Car keys.
Main article: Power door locks
A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open and/or start an automobile. Modern key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold. A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition , open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Some valet keys, particularly those to high-performance vehicles, go so far as to restrict the engine's power output to prevent joyriding . [ 1 ] Recently, features such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles. More sophisticated systems make ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch.
Car key in ignition.
Switchblade key from a 2005 Land Rover LR3.
Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modern vehicles) or the gear lever (such as in Saab Automobile vehicles). In the latter, the switch is between the seats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.
Keyless entry systems , which use either a door-mounted keypad or a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard feature on many new cars. Some of them are handsfree .
Some high tech automotive keys are billed as theft deterrents. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared beam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost, and can cost up to US$400. Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed. This eliminates the need for a separate key fob. This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials. [ 2 ]
A switchblade key is basically the same as any other car key. The only difference is its appearance. The switchblade key is designed to fold away inside the fob when it is not being used. To release the key from the fob you simply push a button on the side of your fob that triggers the keys release. Switchblade keys have become very popular recently because of their smart compact look.
Because switchblade keys are only developed for new car models they are usually equipped with a programmed transponder chip.
Master key
A master key is intended to open a set of several locks. Usually, there is nothing special about the key itself, but rather the locks into which it will fit. These locks also have keys that are specific to each one (the change key ) and cannot open any of the others in the set. Locks that have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them that is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shear points at each pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key. A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in each lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.
Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system.
A practical attack exists to create a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock, its associated change key, a supply of appropriate key blanks, and the ability to cut new keys. This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks .
Locksmiths may also determine cuts for a replacement master key, when given several different key examples from a given system.
Control key
A control key is a special key used in removable core locking systems. The control key enables a user with very little skill to remove from the cylinder, quickly and easily, a core with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination. In Small Format Interchangeable Cores (SFIC), similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation , the key operates a separate shear line, located above the operating key shear line. In Large Format Removable Cores (LFRC), the key may operate a separate shear line or the key may work like a master key along the operating shear line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder. SFIC's are interchangeable from one brand to another, while LFRC's are not.
Transponder key
Transponder keys may also be called “ chip keys ”. Transponder keys are automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.
When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit. The circuit has no battery; it is energized by the radio signal itself. The circuit typically has a computer chip that is programmed to respond by sending a coded signal back to the car's computer. If the circuit does not respond or if the code is incorrect, the engine will not start. Many cars immobilize if the wrong key is used by intruders. Chip Keys successfully protect cars from theft in two ways: forcing the ignition cylinder won't start the car, and the keys are difficult to duplicate. This is why chip keys are popular in modern cars and help decrease car theft.
Many people who have transponder keys are not aware of the fact because the circuit is hidden inside the plastic head of the key. On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the blade of the key. If the value of the resistor is wrong, or the key is a normal key without a resistor, the circuit of the car's electrical system will not allow the engine to be started.
Double-sided key
SentrySafe four-sided key
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it. This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult.
Four-sided key
A four-sided key (also known a cross or cruciform key) has four sides, making it not only harder to duplicate and the lock harder to pick, but it is also physically more durable.
Paracentric key
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock . It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel. Instead of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth. [ 3 ] Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but this requires some skill and know-how.
Internal cut key
An internal cut (also known as "Sidewinder" or "Laser Cut") key has a rectangular blade with a wavy groove cut up the center of the face of blade, at constant depth.
Typically the key has an identical wavy groove on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. Also referred to as the inner profile or sidewinder. These keys must be cut by special key cutting machines made for them. [ 4 ]
Abloy key
Main article: disc tumbler lock
Abloy keys are cut from a metal half-cylinder. The cuts are made at different angles, so when the key is turned in the lock it rotates each disk a different amount.
Nearly all the houses in Finland use Abloy keys, although they are also widely used in various locales worldwide. These locks are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Dimple key
A dimple key has a rectangular blade with various cone-shaped dimples drilled into the face of the blade at various depths. Typically the lock has 2 rows of pins that match up with 2 rows of dimples. Typically the key has the same dimple pattern on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Kaba and Dom are manufactures of dimpled keys. These keys are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ citation needed ]
Skeleton key
A warded lock fits both its key and skeleton keys its size or smaller.
A bronze skeleton key
Main article: skeleton key
A skeleton key (or passkey ) is a very simple design of key that usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a shank ) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit . Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their bow , or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate. A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks . Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock. However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many. Many other objects that can fit into the lock may also be able to open it.
Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became easier to manufacture. In modern usage, the term "skeleton key" is often misapplied to ordinary bit keys and barrel keys, rather than the correct definition: a key, usually with minimal features, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock. Bit keys and barrel keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antique stores.
They were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture.
A bit key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a bit key usually has a solid shank, whereas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key.
Tubular key
A tubular key
A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a barrel key when describing a vintage or antique model) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock . It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft that is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys. Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional skeleton key but are a more recent innovation in keymaking. In modern keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft. These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove. A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned.
The modern version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys. These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, vending machines, and bicycle locks , in the United States. These keys typically come in seven and eight-pin versions as well as miniature versions which are used on computers. Tubular keys were invented by the Ace lock company in Chicago. [ citation needed ]
Zeiss key
A Zeiss key (also known as a Cruciform key ) is a cross between a house key and a tubular key. It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to each other with a flattened fourth side. Though this type of key is easy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts.
Do Not Duplicate key
A keychain , a simple way to hold keys
A Do Not Duplicate key (or DND key , for short) is one that has been stamped "do not duplicate" and/or "duplication prohibited" or similar by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to discourage a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key. More importantly, this is a key control system for the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization. Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying DND keys remains a common security problem. There is no direct legal implication in the US for someone who copies a key that is stamped do not duplicate (unless it is an owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys"). The Associated Locksmiths of America , ALOA, calls DND keys "not effective security", and "deceptive because it provides a false sense of security."
United States Code 18 USC Sec. 1704 deals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec. 1386 deals with United States Department of Defense keys.
Restricted key
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution. Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank. In many cases, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will cut additional keys using restricted blanks. These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid features, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication.
Magnetic key
Main article: magnetic keyed lock
A magnetic keyed lock is a locking mechanism whereby the key utilizes magnets as part of the locking and unlocking mechanism.
A magnetic key would use from one to many small magnets oriented so that the North / South Poles would equate to a combination to push or pull the lock's internal tumblers thus releasing the lock. This is a totally passive system requiring no electricity or electronics to activate or deactivate the mechanism. Using several magnets at differing polarity / orientations and different strengths can allow thousands of different combinations per key. [ 10 ]
Keycard
Main article: keycard lock
A keycard is a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a credit card or driver's license which stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
There are several popular type of keycards in use including the mechanical holecard , bar code , magnetic stripe , Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip ), and RFID proximity cards.
Keycards are frequently used in hotels as an alternative to mechanical keys. [ citation needed ]
History of locks and keys
Anglo-Viking voided key (c. 900AD)
Main article: Lock (device)
Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Egypt. [ 11 ] It is also said that key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC. [ citation needed ]
In the United States, keys have been seen as a symbol of power since colonial times. When William Penn arrived in Delaware 1682, a very elaborate ceremony was carried out where he was given the key to the defense works. [ 12 ]
Flat metal keys proliferated in the early 20th century, following the introduction of mechanical key duplicators, which allow easy duplication of such keys.
Key duplication
Mechanical Key duplicating machine invented in 1917, discussed in History, right.
Video showing the process of cutting a key.
Key cutting (after cutting , the metalworking term for "shaping by removing material") is the primary method of key duplication: a flat key is fitted into a vise in a machine, with a blank attached to a parallel vise, and the original key is moved along a guide, while the blank is moved against a wheel, which cuts it. [ 13 ] After cutting, the new key is deburred: scrubbed with a metal brush to remove burrs , small pieces of metal remaining on the key, which, were they not removed, would be dangerously sharp and, further, foul locks.
Different key cutting machines are more or less automated, using different milling or grinding equipment, and follow the design of early 20th century key duplicators.
Key duplication is available in many retail hardware stores and of course as a service of the specialized locksmith, though the correct key blank may not be available.
Certain keys are designed to be difficult to copy, for key control , such as Medeco , while others are simply stamped Do Not Duplicate to advise that key control is requested, but in the US, this disclaimer has no legal weight.
Rather than using a pattern grinder to remove metal, keys may also be duplicated with a punch machine. The key to be duplicated is measured for the depth of each notch with a gauge and then placed into a device with a numeric slider. The slider is adjusted to match the corresponding measured depth and a lever is depressed, which cuts the entire notch at once. As the lever is raised the key automatically advances to the next indexed position and the slider is adjusted appropriately to the next measured depth. This cycle is continued until the key is complete.
Duplicating keys by this process is more labor intense and requires somewhat better trained personnel. However, keys made in this fashion have clean margins and the depth of the notches are not subject to wear induced changes encountered when heavily worn keys are duplicated using a pattern grinder. Keys may also be made in this fashion without an original as long as the depth of each notch and the type of key blank are known. This is particularly useful for institutions with a great number of locks for which they do not want to maintain a wide variety of archived copies.
A machine permitting rapid duplication of flat metal keys, which contributed to the proliferation of their use during the 20th century, may have been first invented in the United States in 1917 (image to the left):
“
The key to be duplicated is placed in one vise and the blank key to be cut in a corresponding vise under the cutting disk. The vise carriage is then into such position by means of a lateral-feed clutch that the shoulders of both the pattern and blank keys just touch the guide disk and cutter respectively. The lateral-feed clutch on the top of the machine is then thrown, and the vertical feed rod released into action and power applied through the combination hand-crank power wheel on the right of the machine, until the cutter has passed over the entire length at the blank. A duplicate of the pattern key is obtained in about one minute.
”
Popular culture
Coat of arms of the Vatican
Keys appear in various symbols and coats of arms, the most well-known being that of the Vatican - derived from the story of Saint Peter , the first Pope , being given the Keys of Heaven.
See also
Advanced key
Boss key
Password
Passphrase
Personal Identification Number
Personal Unblocking Code
Key (cryptography)
car key
Keys provide an inexpensive, though imperfect , method of access control for access to properties like buildings and vehicles. As such, keys are an essential feature of modern living in the developed world, and are common around the globe. It is common for people to carry the set of keys they need for their daily activities around with them, often linked by a keyring adorned by key fobs and known as a keychain.
Contents
1 Types of keys
1.1 House keys
1.2 Car key
1.3 Master key
1.4 Control key
1.5 Transponder key
1.6 Double-sided key
1.7 Four-sided key
1.8 Paracentric key
1.9 Internal cut key
1.10 Abloy key
1.11 Dimple key
1.12 Skeleton key
1.13 Tubular key
1.14 Zeiss key
1.15 Do Not Duplicate key
1.16 Restricted key
1.17 Magnetic key
1.18 Keycard
2 History of locks and keys
3 Key duplication
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
//
Types of keys
House keys
Main article: Pin tumbler lock
A house key is the most common sort of key. There are two main forms. The older form is for lever locks, where a pack of flat levers (typically between two and five) are raised to different heights by the key whereupon the slots or gates of the levers line up and permit a bolt to move back and forth, opening or closing the lock. The teeth or bittings of the key have flat tops rather than being pointed. Lever lock keys tend to be bigger and less convenient for carrying, although lever locks tend to be more secure. These are still common in many European countries.
The more recent form of house key is that for a pin-tumbler or wafer-tumbler lock. When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open. These are predominate in the United States of America.
Car key
Ignition switch between the seats (2005 Saab 9-5 ).
Car keys.
Main article: Power door locks
A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open and/or start an automobile. Modern key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold. A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition , open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Some valet keys, particularly those to high-performance vehicles, go so far as to restrict the engine's power output to prevent joyriding . [ 1 ] Recently, features such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles. More sophisticated systems make ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch.
Car key in ignition.
Switchblade key from a 2005 Land Rover LR3.
Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modern vehicles) or the gear lever (such as in Saab Automobile vehicles). In the latter, the switch is between the seats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.
Keyless entry systems , which use either a door-mounted keypad or a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard feature on many new cars. Some of them are handsfree .
Some high tech automotive keys are billed as theft deterrents. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared beam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost, and can cost up to US$400. Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed. This eliminates the need for a separate key fob. This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials. [ 2 ]
A switchblade key is basically the same as any other car key. The only difference is its appearance. The switchblade key is designed to fold away inside the fob when it is not being used. To release the key from the fob you simply push a button on the side of your fob that triggers the keys release. Switchblade keys have become very popular recently because of their smart compact look.
Because switchblade keys are only developed for new car models they are usually equipped with a programmed transponder chip.
Master key
A master key is intended to open a set of several locks. Usually, there is nothing special about the key itself, but rather the locks into which it will fit. These locks also have keys that are specific to each one (the change key ) and cannot open any of the others in the set. Locks that have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them that is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shear points at each pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key. A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in each lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.
Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system.
A practical attack exists to create a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock, its associated change key, a supply of appropriate key blanks, and the ability to cut new keys. This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks .
Locksmiths may also determine cuts for a replacement master key, when given several different key examples from a given system.
Control key
A control key is a special key used in removable core locking systems. The control key enables a user with very little skill to remove from the cylinder, quickly and easily, a core with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination. In Small Format Interchangeable Cores (SFIC), similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation , the key operates a separate shear line, located above the operating key shear line. In Large Format Removable Cores (LFRC), the key may operate a separate shear line or the key may work like a master key along the operating shear line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder. SFIC's are interchangeable from one brand to another, while LFRC's are not.
Transponder key
Transponder keys may also be called “ chip keys ”. Transponder keys are automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.
When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit. The circuit has no battery; it is energized by the radio signal itself. The circuit typically has a computer chip that is programmed to respond by sending a coded signal back to the car's computer. If the circuit does not respond or if the code is incorrect, the engine will not start. Many cars immobilize if the wrong key is used by intruders. Chip Keys successfully protect cars from theft in two ways: forcing the ignition cylinder won't start the car, and the keys are difficult to duplicate. This is why chip keys are popular in modern cars and help decrease car theft.
Many people who have transponder keys are not aware of the fact because the circuit is hidden inside the plastic head of the key. On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the blade of the key. If the value of the resistor is wrong, or the key is a normal key without a resistor, the circuit of the car's electrical system will not allow the engine to be started.
Double-sided key
SentrySafe four-sided key
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it. This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult.
Four-sided key
A four-sided key (also known a cross or cruciform key) has four sides, making it not only harder to duplicate and the lock harder to pick, but it is also physically more durable.
Paracentric key
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock . It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel. Instead of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth. [ 3 ] Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but this requires some skill and know-how.
Internal cut key
An internal cut (also known as "Sidewinder" or "Laser Cut") key has a rectangular blade with a wavy groove cut up the center of the face of blade, at constant depth.
Typically the key has an identical wavy groove on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. Also referred to as the inner profile or sidewinder. These keys must be cut by special key cutting machines made for them. [ 4 ]
Abloy key
Main article: disc tumbler lock
Abloy keys are cut from a metal half-cylinder. The cuts are made at different angles, so when the key is turned in the lock it rotates each disk a different amount.
Nearly all the houses in Finland use Abloy keys, although they are also widely used in various locales worldwide. These locks are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Dimple key
A dimple key has a rectangular blade with various cone-shaped dimples drilled into the face of the blade at various depths. Typically the lock has 2 rows of pins that match up with 2 rows of dimples. Typically the key has the same dimple pattern on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Kaba and Dom are manufactures of dimpled keys. These keys are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ citation needed ]
Skeleton key
A warded lock fits both its key and skeleton keys its size or smaller.
A bronze skeleton key
Main article: skeleton key
A skeleton key (or passkey ) is a very simple design of key that usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a shank ) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit . Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their bow , or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate. A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks . Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock. However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many. Many other objects that can fit into the lock may also be able to open it.
Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became easier to manufacture. In modern usage, the term "skeleton key" is often misapplied to ordinary bit keys and barrel keys, rather than the correct definition: a key, usually with minimal features, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock. Bit keys and barrel keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antique stores.
They were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture.
A bit key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a bit key usually has a solid shank, whereas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key.
Tubular key
A tubular key
A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a barrel key when describing a vintage or antique model) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock . It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft that is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys. Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional skeleton key but are a more recent innovation in keymaking. In modern keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft. These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove. A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned.
The modern version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys. These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, vending machines, and bicycle locks , in the United States. These keys typically come in seven and eight-pin versions as well as miniature versions which are used on computers. Tubular keys were invented by the Ace lock company in Chicago. [ citation needed ]
Zeiss key
A Zeiss key (also known as a Cruciform key ) is a cross between a house key and a tubular key. It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to each other with a flattened fourth side. Though this type of key is easy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts.
Do Not Duplicate key
A keychain , a simple way to hold keys
A Do Not Duplicate key (or DND key , for short) is one that has been stamped "do not duplicate" and/or "duplication prohibited" or similar by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to discourage a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key. More importantly, this is a key control system for the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization. Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying DND keys remains a common security problem. There is no direct legal implication in the US for someone who copies a key that is stamped do not duplicate (unless it is an owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys"). The Associated Locksmiths of America , ALOA, calls DND keys "not effective security", and "deceptive because it provides a false sense of security."
United States Code 18 USC Sec. 1704 deals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec. 1386 deals with United States Department of Defense keys.
Restricted key
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution. Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank. In many cases, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will cut additional keys using restricted blanks. These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid features, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication.
Magnetic key
Main article: magnetic keyed lock
A magnetic keyed lock is a locking mechanism whereby the key utilizes magnets as part of the locking and unlocking mechanism.
A magnetic key would use from one to many small magnets oriented so that the North / South Poles would equate to a combination to push or pull the lock's internal tumblers thus releasing the lock. This is a totally passive system requiring no electricity or electronics to activate or deactivate the mechanism. Using several magnets at differing polarity / orientations and different strengths can allow thousands of different combinations per key. [ 10 ]
Keycard
Main article: keycard lock
A keycard is a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a credit card or driver's license which stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
There are several popular type of keycards in use including the mechanical holecard , bar code , magnetic stripe , Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip ), and RFID proximity cards.
Keycards are frequently used in hotels as an alternative to mechanical keys. [ citation needed ]
History of locks and keys
Anglo-Viking voided key (c. 900AD)
Main article: Lock (device)
Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Egypt. [ 11 ] It is also said that key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC. [ citation needed ]
In the United States, keys have been seen as a symbol of power since colonial times. When William Penn arrived in Delaware 1682, a very elaborate ceremony was carried out where he was given the key to the defense works. [ 12 ]
Flat metal keys proliferated in the early 20th century, following the introduction of mechanical key duplicators, which allow easy duplication of such keys.
Key duplication
Mechanical Key duplicating machine invented in 1917, discussed in History, right.
Video showing the process of cutting a key.
Key cutting (after cutting , the metalworking term for "shaping by removing material") is the primary method of key duplication: a flat key is fitted into a vise in a machine, with a blank attached to a parallel vise, and the original key is moved along a guide, while the blank is moved against a wheel, which cuts it. [ 13 ] After cutting, the new key is deburred: scrubbed with a metal brush to remove burrs , small pieces of metal remaining on the key, which, were they not removed, would be dangerously sharp and, further, foul locks.
Different key cutting machines are more or less automated, using different milling or grinding equipment, and follow the design of early 20th century key duplicators.
Key duplication is available in many retail hardware stores and of course as a service of the specialized locksmith, though the correct key blank may not be available.
Certain keys are designed to be difficult to copy, for key control , such as Medeco , while others are simply stamped Do Not Duplicate to advise that key control is requested, but in the US, this disclaimer has no legal weight.
Rather than using a pattern grinder to remove metal, keys may also be duplicated with a punch machine. The key to be duplicated is measured for the depth of each notch with a gauge and then placed into a device with a numeric slider. The slider is adjusted to match the corresponding measured depth and a lever is depressed, which cuts the entire notch at once. As the lever is raised the key automatically advances to the next indexed position and the slider is adjusted appropriately to the next measured depth. This cycle is continued until the key is complete.
Duplicating keys by this process is more labor intense and requires somewhat better trained personnel. However, keys made in this fashion have clean margins and the depth of the notches are not subject to wear induced changes encountered when heavily worn keys are duplicated using a pattern grinder. Keys may also be made in this fashion without an original as long as the depth of each notch and the type of key blank are known. This is particularly useful for institutions with a great number of locks for which they do not want to maintain a wide variety of archived copies.
A machine permitting rapid duplication of flat metal keys, which contributed to the proliferation of their use during the 20th century, may have been first invented in the United States in 1917 (image to the left):
“
The key to be duplicated is placed in one vise and the blank key to be cut in a corresponding vise under the cutting disk. The vise carriage is then into such position by means of a lateral-feed clutch that the shoulders of both the pattern and blank keys just touch the guide disk and cutter respectively. The lateral-feed clutch on the top of the machine is then thrown, and the vertical feed rod released into action and power applied through the combination hand-crank power wheel on the right of the machine, until the cutter has passed over the entire length at the blank. A duplicate of the pattern key is obtained in about one minute.
”
Popular culture
Coat of arms of the Vatican
Keys appear in various symbols and coats of arms, the most well-known being that of the Vatican - derived from the story of Saint Peter , the first Pope , being given the Keys of Heaven.
See also
Advanced key
Boss key
Password
Passphrase
Personal Identification Number
Personal Unblocking Code
Key (cryptography)
cassadaga
Contents
1 History of Cassadaga
2 The Cassadaga Camp, Today
3 Popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 Notes
7 External links
//
History of Cassadaga
The Cassadaga Spiritualist camp began when the Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp Meeting Association was founded by George P. Colby , from Pike, New York , a trance medium who traveled to many different states, giving readings and seances . He was well known, and in his travels, Colby was referred to as the "seer of spiritualism". Mr. Colby attended summer Spiritualist Camp meetings at Lily Dale, New York , the town adjacent to Cassadaga, New York . [ 2 ]
Mr. Colby claimed to work with several spirit guides who would channel knowledge to him. Colby claimed that one of his spirit guides was an Indian named Seneca, who had manifested to Colby during a seance in Lake Mills, Iowa . According to Colby, Seneca had instructed him to travel to the south, into Florida, where he eventually arrived at a place called the Blue Springs Landing, near Orange City, Florida . According to Colby, the area that Seneca had lead him to was the same area that Colby had seen during the seance in Iowa.
Colby had arrived in Florida in 1875, and several decades later, on the 18th of December, 1894 the charter was granted to form The Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp Meeting Association. Later on January 3, 1895 Colby had signed a warranty deed to the Association for thirty-five acres. [ 2 ] The people who came to the Spiritualist Camp in the early days of its formation were affluent and well educated. The Cassadaga Spiritualist camp was named after the small Spiritualist Camp community found outside of Lily Dale, New York. The Spiritualist Camp Association later received additional acreage that expanded the camp to the current fifty-seven acres.
The Cassadaga Camp, Today
Today, the Camp features the Cassadaga Hotel, a central auditorium, The Colby Memorial Temple, a community library, the Caesar Forman Healing Center, a Camp Bookstore, and a welcome center. Also, there is the Andrew Jackson Davis building, used for musical performances and gatherings, and the annual Cassadaga Masquerade Ball. [ 3 ]
The principles of spirituality that are taught by the people at Cassadaga state, "Spiritualism has no dogma or creed, just a simple set of nine principles to help guide our lives". [ 3 ] According to the teachings of Spiritualism, it is the "Science, philosophy, and religion based upon the principle of continuous life". [ 3 ] On March 14, 1991, the Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist camp was declared a U.S. Historic District . The Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp is a federal tax-exempt Church currently governed by a Board of Trustees.
Popular culture
Bright Eyes has an album called Cassadaga , which features the town in the lyrics of the single " Four Winds ".
Tom Petty 's song "Casa Dega" alludes to psychics
Stanley Elkin 's novel George Mills takes place partially in Cassadaga.
Marie Dee's Mystery Novels are set in Cassadaga.
Was also featured in an episode of the X-Files (episode title unknown).
The town is briefly mentioned in the 2009 movie Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant .
See also
Cassadaga, New York
Seneca tribe
Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp Historic District
Spiritualism
The Devil's chair
cassadaga
Contents
1 History of Cassadaga
2 The Cassadaga Camp, Today
3 Popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 Notes
7 External links
//
History of Cassadaga
The Cassadaga Spiritualist camp began when the Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp Meeting Association was founded by George P. Colby , from Pike, New York , a trance medium who traveled to many different states, giving readings and seances . He was well known, and in his travels, Colby was referred to as the "seer of spiritualism". Mr. Colby attended summer Spiritualist Camp meetings at Lily Dale, New York , the town adjacent to Cassadaga, New York . [ 2 ]
Mr. Colby claimed to work with several spirit guides who would channel knowledge to him. Colby claimed that one of his spirit guides was an Indian named Seneca, who had manifested to Colby during a seance in Lake Mills, Iowa . According to Colby, Seneca had instructed him to travel to the south, into Florida, where he eventually arrived at a place called the Blue Springs Landing, near Orange City, Florida . According to Colby, the area that Seneca had lead him to was the same area that Colby had seen during the seance in Iowa.
Colby had arrived in Florida in 1875, and several decades later, on the 18th of December, 1894 the charter was granted to form The Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp Meeting Association. Later on January 3, 1895 Colby had signed a warranty deed to the Association for thirty-five acres. [ 2 ] The people who came to the Spiritualist Camp in the early days of its formation were affluent and well educated. The Cassadaga Spiritualist camp was named after the small Spiritualist Camp community found outside of Lily Dale, New York. The Spiritualist Camp Association later received additional acreage that expanded the camp to the current fifty-seven acres.
The Cassadaga Camp, Today
Today, the Camp features the Cassadaga Hotel, a central auditorium, The Colby Memorial Temple, a community library, the Caesar Forman Healing Center, a Camp Bookstore, and a welcome center. Also, there is the Andrew Jackson Davis building, used for musical performances and gatherings, and the annual Cassadaga Masquerade Ball. [ 3 ]
The principles of spirituality that are taught by the people at Cassadaga state, "Spiritualism has no dogma or creed, just a simple set of nine principles to help guide our lives". [ 3 ] According to the teachings of Spiritualism, it is the "Science, philosophy, and religion based upon the principle of continuous life". [ 3 ] On March 14, 1991, the Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist camp was declared a U.S. Historic District . The Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp is a federal tax-exempt Church currently governed by a Board of Trustees.
Popular culture
Bright Eyes has an album called Cassadaga , which features the town in the lyrics of the single " Four Winds ".
Tom Petty 's song "Casa Dega" alludes to psychics
Stanley Elkin 's novel George Mills takes place partially in Cassadaga.
Marie Dee's Mystery Novels are set in Cassadaga.
Was also featured in an episode of the X-Files (episode title unknown).
The town is briefly mentioned in the 2009 movie Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant .
See also
Cassadaga, New York
Seneca tribe
Southern Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp Historic District
Spiritualism
The Devil's chair
cylinder lock
The first main advantage to a cylinder lock also known as a profile cylinder lock, is that the cylinder may be changed without altering the boltwork hardware. Removing the cylinder typically requires only loosening a set screw, then unscrewing the cylinder from the boltwork. The second is that it is usually possible to obtain, from various lock manufacturers, cylinders in different formats that can all be used with the same type of key. This allows the user to have keyed-alike, and master-keyed systems that incorporate a wide variety of different types of lock, such as nightlatches, deadbolts and roller door locks. Typically, padlocks can also be included, although these rarely have removable cylinders.
Standardised types of cylinder include key-in-knobset cylinders, rim (also known as nightlatch) cylinders, Ingersoll format cylinders, American, and Scandinavian round mortise cylinders, and Scandinavian oval cylinders. There are also standardised cross-sectional profiles for lock cylinders that may vary in length - for example to suit different door thicknesses. These profiles include the europrofile (or DIN standard), the British oval profile and the Swiss profile.
Cruciform pin-tumbler locks may also use interchangeable cylinders, as do a few sophisticated lever locks.
Individually Keyed System (KD)
With an individually keyed system, each cylinder can be opened by its unique key.
Keyed Alike (KA)
This system allows for a number of cylinders to be operated by the same key. It is ideally suited to residential and commercial applications such as front and back doors.
Master Keyed (MK)
A master-keyed system involves each lock having its own individual key which will not operate any other lock in the system, but where all locks can be operated by a single master-key. This is usually applied in commercial environments.
Grand Master Keyed (GMK)
This is an extension of the master-keyed system where each lock has its own individual key and the locks are divided into 2 or more groups. Each lock group is operated by a master-key and the entire system is operated by one grand master-key. This is ideally utilized in complex commercial systems.
Common Entrance Suite / Maison Keying (CES)
This system is widely used in apartments, office blocks and hotels. Each apartment (for example) has its own individual key which will not open the doors to any other apartments, but will open common entrance doors and communal service areas. It is often combined with a Master Keyed system in which said key is kept by the landlord.
cylinder lock
The first main advantage to a cylinder lock also known as a profile cylinder lock, is that the cylinder may be changed without altering the boltwork hardware. Removing the cylinder typically requires only loosening a set screw, then unscrewing the cylinder from the boltwork. The second is that it is usually possible to obtain, from various lock manufacturers, cylinders in different formats that can all be used with the same type of key. This allows the user to have keyed-alike, and master-keyed systems that incorporate a wide variety of different types of lock, such as nightlatches, deadbolts and roller door locks. Typically, padlocks can also be included, although these rarely have removable cylinders.
Standardised types of cylinder include key-in-knobset cylinders, rim (also known as nightlatch) cylinders, Ingersoll format cylinders, American, and Scandinavian round mortise cylinders, and Scandinavian oval cylinders. There are also standardised cross-sectional profiles for lock cylinders that may vary in length - for example to suit different door thicknesses. These profiles include the europrofile (or DIN standard), the British oval profile and the Swiss profile.
Cruciform pin-tumbler locks may also use interchangeable cylinders, as do a few sophisticated lever locks.
Individually Keyed System (KD)
With an individually keyed system, each cylinder can be opened by its unique key.
Keyed Alike (KA)
This system allows for a number of cylinders to be operated by the same key. It is ideally suited to residential and commercial applications such as front and back doors.
Master Keyed (MK)
A master-keyed system involves each lock having its own individual key which will not operate any other lock in the system, but where all locks can be operated by a single master-key. This is usually applied in commercial environments.
Grand Master Keyed (GMK)
This is an extension of the master-keyed system where each lock has its own individual key and the locks are divided into 2 or more groups. Each lock group is operated by a master-key and the entire system is operated by one grand master-key. This is ideally utilized in complex commercial systems.
Common Entrance Suite / Maison Keying (CES)
This system is widely used in apartments, office blocks and hotels. Each apartment (for example) has its own individual key which will not open the doors to any other apartments, but will open common entrance doors and communal service areas. It is often combined with a Master Keyed system in which said key is kept by the landlord.
Daytona Beach
The city is historically known as having a beach where the hard packed sand allows motorized vehicles to drive on the beach in restricted areas. [ 6 ] This hard packed sand made Daytona Beach a mecca for motorsports , with the old Daytona Beach Road Course having hosted races for over 50 years. This course was replaced in 1959 by the Daytona International Speedway . The city is also the headquarters for NASCAR and the Grand American Road Racing Association .
Daytona Beach is a year-round family-friendly resort area, but could also accurately be called a seasonal town, with large groups of out-of-towners descending upon the city for various events, most notably Speedweeks in early February when over 200,000 NASCAR fans come to attend the season-opening Daytona 500 . Other events include the NASCAR Coke Zero 400 race in July, Bike Week in early March, Biketoberfest in mid October, and the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona endurance race in January. In the past Daytona Beach catered to spring breakers , but in recent years most of the vacationers have migrated to other sites, like Panama City Beach .
Contents
1 History
2 "The World's Most Famous Beach"
3 Geography and climate
3.1 Hurricanes and tropical storms
3.2 Tornadoes
3.3 Rogue Wave
4 Law and government
4.1 Local Government
4.1.1 Controversy
4.2 Local elected officials
4.3 Federal, state and county representation
5 Demographics
6 Culture
7 Daytona Beach in popular culture
8 Sports
8.1 Golf
9 Media
9.1 Newspapers
9.2 Radio
9.3 Television
10 Economy
10.1 Shopping
11 Education
11.1 Colleges and universities
11.2 Vocational schools
12 Transportation
12.1 Airports
12.2 Buses
12.3 Auto
12.4 Rail
13 Notable residents
14 Points of interest
15 Sister cities
16 Images
17 References
18 External links
//
History
The area was once inhabited by the Timucuan Indians , who lived in fortified villages. War and disease, however, would decimate the tribe. Florida was acquired from Spain by the United States in 1821, although permanent settlement was delayed until after the Second Seminole War from 1835 to 1842. When the Civil War ended, Florida experienced a boom in tourism .
The city was founded in 1870 and incorporated in 1876. It was named for its founder, Matthias D. Day. In 1886, the St. Johns & Halifax River Railway arrived in Daytona. The line would be purchased in 1889 by Henry M. Flagler , who made it part of his Florida East Coast Railway . The separate towns of Daytona, Daytona Beach and Seabreeze merged as "Daytona Beach" in 1926, at the urging of civic leader J.B. Kahn and others. By the 1920s, it was dubbed "The World's Most Famous Beach".
Daytona's wide beach of smooth, compacted sand attracted automobile and motorcycle races beginning in 1902, as pioneers in the industry tested their inventions. On March 8, 1936, the first stock car race was held on the Daytona Beach Road Course . In 1959, William France created NASCAR and the Daytona International Speedway to replace the beach course. Automobiles are still permitted on certain areas of the beach, at a maximum speed of 10 mph.
"The World's Most Famous Beach"
Carriages on the beach in Seabreeze, FL, 1906
The city and its beaches, lined with hotels, motels, condominiums and houses, attract over 8,000,000 tourists each year. In a wide variety of price ranges, hotel and motel rooms are typically plentiful even during special events. Daytona Beach has high security around its main hotel locations, with multiple cameras filming hotel and beach areas. It is one of the few places in the world where a car can be driven on an ocean beach. Most other driving beaches require 4 wheel drive or other special equipment. [ citation needed ] [ dubious – discuss ]
During motorcycle events (Bike Week and Biketoberfest), several thousand bikers from all over the world visit the greater Daytona Beach area. While the city is often associated with spring break , the efforts of the local government to discourage rowdiness, combined with the rise of other spring break destinations, have nearly ended Daytona's former preeminence as a spring break destination.
Daytona International Speedway
Special events that draw visitors to Daytona Beach include:
Speedweeks ( Daytona 500 NASCAR race, Rolex 24 sports car race, and others)
Coke Zero 400 , NASCAR race on or around July 4 (Traditionally called the Pepsi 400 or Firecracker 400)
Daytona Beach Bike Week Daytona 200 motorcycle races, bike shows and biker reunion in March
Biketoberfest in October
Turkey Run car show and events during Thanksgiving weekend (Traditionally called the Turkey Rod Run)
Spring break (date varies, usually the first and second week of March)
Daytona Beach is also home to the headquarters of NASCAR , Grand-Am , International Speedway Corporation , United States Tennis Association in Florida, and the LPGA .
Geography and climate
View of Beach St. South, 2007
Daytona Beach is located at 29°12′26″N 81°02′16″W / 29.207309°N 81.037900°W / 29.207309; -81.037900 . [ 7 ] According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 64.93 mi 2 (168.17 km 2 ). of which 58.68 square miles (152 km 2 )is land and 6.25 square miles (16 km 2 ) is water. Water is 9.6% of the total area.
The city of Daytona Beach is split in two by the Halifax River lagoon , part of the Intracoastal Waterway , and sits on the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered on the north by Holly Hill and Ormond Beach and on the south by Daytona Beach Shores , South Daytona and Port Orange . The major highways that serve the city are the east-west Interstate 4 and the north-south Interstate 95 , which intersect near the city. Other major roads in the city include US 92 /International Speedway Boulevard, U.S. 1 /Ridgewood Avenue, State Road 40 and A1A /Atlantic Avenue.
Daytona Beach has a humid subtropical climate , typical of the southeastern United States. Summers are hot and humid with highs usually in the 90s and a heat index often exceeding 100 degrees. Thunderstorms are frequent in summer afternoons and the hot, humid weather can last right through the fall months. Winters are dry and mild, marked by a constant series of cold fronts and warm-ups. Temperatures dip into the low 30s and upper 20s on rare occasion, and freezes are not common. Frost occurs a few times a year mainly in the inland areas, but is rare along the beaches. Snowfall is extremely rare. Temperatures in spring are famously pleasant with warm afternoons, cool evenings, and far less humidity. This beach-going weather attracts tourists back to the beaches usually by early March.
Despite its warm location, there were a few catastrophic freezes in the area's history. Early settlers only left vague records, but severe freezes were indicated on: Jan. 2-3, 1766; Feb. 7-8, 1835; and Jan. 16, 1857. The cold weather was so severe that crops such as orange trees were killed and several plantation owners abandoned the area as a result. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Monthly Normal and Record High and Low Temperatures
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Rec High °F
87
89
92
96
100
102
102
100
99
95
89
88
Norm High °F
69.7
71.1
75.6
79.8
85
88.8
91
90.1
87.9
82.6
76.9
71.4
Norm Low °F
47.1
48.8
53.7
58
64.5
70.6
72.4
72.8
71.9
65.3
57
50.1
Rec Low °F
15
24
26
35
44
52
60
65
52
41
27
19
Precip (in)
3.13
2.74
3.84
2.54
3.26
5.69
5.17
6.09
6.61
4.48
3.03
2.71
Source: USTravelWeather.com [ 10 ]
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Wrecked phone booth in Daytona Beach, located at the corner of highways US-92 and FL-A1A . Damage caused by 2004 Hurricane Frances.
Because of Daytona Beach's proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the city has a significant chance of receiving hurricanes and tropical storms every hurricane season . However, prior to 2004, major hurricanes are only recorded as skirting by the coast of Daytona Beach without any direct hits.
Hurricane Floyd passed along the Florida coast in September 1999, which caused significant beach erosion and collapsed about 200 ft. section of the Daytona Beach Pier.
The 2004 Hurricane season was particularly tumultuous in the Daytona Beach area. Hurricane Charley was a very fast-moving, compact storm, which made landfall near Port Charlotte, Florida , on August 13, swept across the state and hit Daytona Beach from the inland before reentering the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Frances was a very large storm in size, which moved made landfall at Hutchinson Island South, Florida (near Port St. Lucie, Florida ) in the early hours of September 5, and caused a significant amount of collateral damage. Portions of Daytona Beach were without electricity or phone service for ten days following Frances due to downed lines or shorted transformers. Just three weeks later, Hurricane Jeanne formed in the Atlantic Ocean and made landfall only six miles from the same spot Frances hit, at Hutchinson Island South, Florida , on September 26. Following the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season , the names Charlie, Frances, and Jeanne were all retired from use.
Tornadoes
Daytona Beach is not immune to the threat of tornadoes . Historical tornado activity is about 33% above the national average. On February 22, 1998 a tornado killed 13 people, injured 36 people, and caused $31 million in damages. Tornadoes also hit the city on Christmas Day , 2006. Some people were injured, but no fatalities were reported. Very significant damage was done to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 's campus as the F2 tornado that touched down in Daytona Beach cut through the heart of the campus. It destroyed 50 of the school's 75 aircraft, mostly Cessnas . More info can be found: tornadoes of 2006 , and at. [ 11 ]
Rogue Wave
On July 3 1992, a 27 mile long Rogue wave hit the Volusia County beaches. The wave's range was from Ormond Beach in the north, to New Smyrna Beach on the south. The crest was 9 feet high and centered at Daytona Beach. Sailboats crashed ashore onto cars and many people suffered cuts and bruises from glass and debris. Two people required hospitalization and 200 vehicles were damaged. 75 injuries were reported. The prevailing theory is that an underwater landslide caused the rogue wave, although others have theorized that it was the result of a squall line. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]
Law and government
Local Government
Under Daytona Beach's commission-manager form of government, voters elect a City commission which consists of seven members who serve four-year, staggered terms. Six are elected by district, the Mayor is elected city-wide.
The City Commission establishes ordinances and policies for the city. It also reviews and approves the city budget annually. The Commission appoints a City Manager , who carries out the will of the Commission and handles day-to-day business.
Controversy
The neutrality of this section is disputed . Please see the discussion on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (August 2008)
The city of Daytona Beach made national headlines when it selected the several mile radius around Main Street as a blighted area and has targeted it for redevelopment. The city has sued the owners of land in this area to take away the land and give it to a developer in California. In the past eminent domain cases, the land was taken for building roads, schools, and other government buildings. In this case, the city has sued landowners to build taller buildings which will give the city more property taxes. This was summarized in National Public radio podcast: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4760258 and in Entrepreneur Magazine: http://www.entrepreneur.com/magazine/entrepreneur/2005/january/74866.html The city's pro-eminent domain argument for this Main Street area is explained in this article: http://www.ci.daytona-beach.fl.us/cityhall/redev/plans/MAIN%20ST%20REDEV%20PLAN.pdf
Local elected officials
Mayor - Glenn Ritchey
Zone 1 Commissioner - Rick Shiver
Zone 2 Commissioner - Pamela Woods
Zone 3 Commissioner - Shiela K. McKay-Vaughan
Zone 4 Commissioner - Robert A. Gilliland
Zone 5 Commissioner - Derrick L. Henry
Zone 6 Commissioner - Cassandra G. Reynolds
City Manager (appointed) - James Chisholm
Federal, state and county representation
Daytona Beach is part of Florida's 7th congressional district and is part of Florida 's 27th Legislative District .
Florida's 7th congressional district , covering portions of Flagler County , Putnam County , St. Johns County , Seminole County and Volusia County , is represented by John Mica ( R ). Florida is represented in the Senate by Mel Martinez ( R , Orlando ) and Bill Nelson ( D , Orlando ).
The 27th legislative district of the Florida Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Evelyn J. Lynn ( R , Ormond Beach ) and in the State House of Representatives by Dwayne L. Taylor ( D , Daytona Beach ). The Governor of Florida is Charlie Crist ( R , St. Petersburg ). The Lieutenant Governor of Florida is Jeff Kottkamp ( R , Cape Coral ).
Demographics
Historical populations
Census
Pop.
%±
1890
771
—
1900
1,690
119.2 %
1910
3,721
120.2 %
1920
6,841
83.8 %
1930
16,598
142.6 %
1940
22,584
36.1 %
1950
30,187
33.7 %
1960
37,395
23.9 %
1970
45,327
21.2 %
1980
54,176
19.5 %
1990
61,921
14.3 %
2000
64,112
3.5 %
Est. 2008
64,211
0.2 %
Population 1910-2000. [ 14 ]
As of the census [ 3 ] of 2000, there were 64,112 people, 28,605 households, and 13,844 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,092.6/mi 2 (421.8/km 2 ). There were 33,345 housing units at an average density of 568.3/mi 2 (219.4/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 62.33% White , 32.75% African American , 1.73% Asian , 0.32% Native American , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 1.05% from other races, and 1.76% from two or more races. 3.48% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
A postcard depicting Daytona's Ridgewood Avenue, c. 1915
There were 28,605 households out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.1% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.77.
In the city the population was spread out with 17.6% under the age of 18, 16.6% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $25,439, and the median income for a family was $33,514. Males had a median income of $25,705 versus $20,261 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,530. 23.6% of the population and 16.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.9% of those under the age of 18 and 12.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line .
Culture
Daytona Beach Skyline, from the Seabreeze Bridge, 2007
The Museum of Arts and Sciences is the primary cultural facility for Daytona Beach and Volusia County . Other museums located in the city include the Southeast Museum of Photography and the Halifax Historical Museum . The Museum of Arts and Sciences is actually a collection of museums and galleries and includes the Klancke Environmental Complex, the Cuban Museum, Root Family Museum featuring one of the largest Coca-Cola(R) collections in the world, the Dow American Gallery and the Bouchelle Center for Decorative Arts which together form what is probably one of the finest collections of furniture and decorative arts in the Southeast . There are also changing exhibitions and a new children's science center planned to open in 2008.
Daytona Beach in popular culture
Novels set in Daytona Beach include:
Day Number 142 (1974) by Edgar A. Anderson
Last Cruise of the Nightwatch (1956) by Howard Broomfield
Kick of the Wheel (1957) by Stewart Sterling
There have been a number of movies based on Daytona Beach, usually with a racing theme. The most recent example was the 1990 hit Days of Thunder , parts of which were filmed in Daytona Beach and nearby DeLand .
Chris Rea wrote the song Daytona which was in his 1989 album The Road to Hell
Daytona Beach was also the destination of a group of plagued teenagers in the movie Final Destination 2.
Sports
Club
League
Venue
Established
Championships
Daytona Cubs
FSL , Baseball
Jackie Robinson Ballpark
1993
2
Daytona Beach ThunderBirds
af2 , Arena football
Ocean Center
2006
0
In addition to motorsports, Daytona is also the home of the Daytona Cubs , a minor league baseball team of the Florida State League and the Daytona Beach ThunderBirds , an arena football team of the af2 . The Sintral Florida Derby Demons, an all female flat track roller derby team also calls Daytona Home. Their home games are played in South Daytona at Skate City on Nova Road.
Golf
There are a number of golf courses in Daytona Beach.
Club at Pelican Bay North and South Courses
Daytona Beach Golf Course
Indigo Lakes Golf Club
LPGA International Golf Course
Media
Newspapers
The Daytona Beach News-Journal - Daily newspaper covering the Greater Daytona Beach Area.
Hometown News - Weekly newspaper covering Daytona Beach, Holly Hill and Ormond Beach.
Orlando Sentinel - Newspaper and news site based in Orlando with a bureau covering Daytona Beach and Volusia County .
The Avion Newspaper - Student college publication of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach.
The Daytona Times - Black Newspaper covering Daytona Beach
Radio
AM
WNDB , 1150 AM , Daytona Beach, News / Talk / Sports
WROD , 1340 AM , Daytona Beach, OLDIES
WMFJ , 1450 AM , Daytona Beach, Religious
WPUL, AM 1590 [AM broadcastinglAM, Daytona Beach, Adult Contemporary/Newstalk
FM
WJLU , 89.7 FM , Daytona Beach, Religious
WCFB , 94.5 FM , Daytona Beach, Urban Adult Contemporary
WIKD-LP , 99.1 FM , Daytona Beach, Campus Radio of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
WJHM , 101.9 FM , Daytona Beach, Mainstream Urban
WVYB , 103.3 FM , Daytona Beach & Holly Hill, Top 40
v • d • e
Radio stations in the Daytona Beach, Florida market
By AM frequency
1150 • 1230 • 1310 • 1340 • 1380 • 1450 • 1490 • 1550 • 1590
By FM frequency
88.1 • 88.7 • 89.7 • 90.3 • 91.5 • 92.7 • 93.1 • 94.5 • 95.7 • 101.9 • 99.1 • 103.3 • 105.9
By callsign
WAPN • WBHQ • WCFB • WEAZ • WELE • WHOG-FM • WIKD-LP • WJHM • WJLH • WJLU • WKRO-FM • WKTO • WMFJ • WNDB • WNZF • WOCL • WPUL • WROD • WSBB • WTJV • WVYB • WYND
Florida Radio Markets: Daytona Beach • Fort Myers-Naples-Marco Island • Ft. Pierce-Stuart-Vero Beach • Ft. Walton Beach • Gainesville-Ocala • Jacksonville • Lakeland-Winter Haven • Melbourne-Titusville-Cocoa • Miami-Ft. Lauderdale • Orlando • Panama City • Pensacola • Sarasota-Bradenton • Sebring • Tallahassee • Tampa-St.Petersburg-Clearwater • West Palm Beach-Boca Raton
Other Florida Radio Regions: The Florida Keys • Lake City
See also: List of radio stations in Florida
Television
WESH , Channel 2, digital channel 11, NBC
WDSC-TV , analog channel 15, digital channel 33, PBS
Central Florida News 13 , Bright House Networks cable channel 13
Economy
Posted speed limit on Daytona Beach
A large part of the Daytona Beach area economy is involved in the tourist industry . Over 8 million visitors came to the Daytona Beach area in 2004.
The area's economy includes other industries besides tourism , such as manufacturing . Daytona Beach provides a dynamic business environment with opportunities for the development and growth of smaller, home grown businesses and large corporate enterprises. It's a community with a talented and diverse workforce. Daytona Beach has industrial sites within an enterprise zone and sites within a foreign trade zone adjacent to Daytona Beach International Airport . A medical office park provides additional sites. Prime Interstate 4 and Interstate 95 sites are available with excellent access to road , air , rail and water transportation .
Companies and organizations that have their corporate headquarters or a major presence in the area:
Halifax Health
International Speedway Corporation
Gambro-Renal Products
Ladies Professional Golf Association
NASCAR
SunTrust Bank
Shopping
Volusia Mall , 1700 West International Speedway Blvd. The largest shopping mall in Daytona Beach. Anchored by Sears , JC Penney , Macy's , and Dillard's .
Ocean Walk Shoppes , 250 North Atlantic Ave. Open-air shopping center, located in the heart of the beach area.
Promenade Shopping Center
Wal-Mart Super Center
Education
Public primary and secondary education is handled by Volusia County Schools . Daytona Beach has two public traditional high schools , Seabreeze High School and Mainland High School . Some of the larger private schools include Father Lopez Catholic High School .
The life-sized Wright Flyer statue is located at the Daytona Beach campus of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
Colleges and universities
Bethune-Cookman University
Daytona State College
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
University of Central Florida , Daytona Beach Campus
Vocational schools
The Airline Academy - Offers flight training for pilots and other airline professionals.
Keiser College
WyoTech (formerly AMI) Offers automotive repair, motorcycle repair, and marine repair training.
Phoenix East Aviation - Offers flight training for pilots .
Transportation
Airports
Passenger airline services are located at Daytona Beach International Airport (DAB), which is centrally located within the city, adjacent to Daytona International Speedway . The city first located its airport at this location in 1930, with terminals being constructed in 1952 and 1958. The present facility was constructed in 1992 at the cost of $46 million, and includes both a Domestic terminal and an International terminal. Despite the new facilities, DAB has found difficulty in attracting and retaining carriers, having seen Continental Airlines , AirTran Airways , and United Airlines discontinue flights to Daytona in 2007 and 2008. [ 15 ] LTU & American Airlines also serviced Daytona Beach during the 1980's and 1990's, both of which ended all flights in 1994 & 1997.
Current passenger airlines serving DAB include Delta Air Lines , with service non-stop to Atlanta, GA and US Airways , flying non-stop to Charlotte, NC . Both carriers offer connecting service from those cities to destinations worldwide.
International flights from Daytona Beach are available to destinations in the Bahamas through air-taxi and charter services Airgate Aviation [1] and IslandPass. Non-stop flights are available from DAB to Marsh Harbour , Treasure Cay , and North Eleuthera . [ 16 ]
DAB is heavily used for the purpose of general aviation , largely due to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University , whose campus is located at the airport.
Other airports nearby are Orlando International Airport and Jacksonville International Airport , both of which are approximately one and one half hours away.
Buses
Daytona Beach is served by Greyhound Bus Lines , which has a terminal located at 138 South Ridgewood Avenue (US-1). The Greyhound routes from Daytona Beach connect with hubs in Jacksonville and Orlando .
VoTran is the local bus service provided by Volusia County. It is a cheap way to get around and is handicap accessible. Buses travel to most sites and places of interest. A one-day VoTran bus pass costs $3.
A1A Beachside Trolley operates from January to Labor Day (September) along Atlantic Avenue on the beachside. They are air-conditioned and handicapped accessible.
The Volusia County Parking Garage in Daytona Beach provides a place for visitors to park and walk around.
Auto
Daytona Beach is easily accessible by I-95 that runs North and South and I-4 connecting Daytona Beach with Orlando and Tampa . U.S. 1 (Ridgewood Avenue) also passes through Daytona Beach. A1A is a scenic North/South route along the beach.
The Volusia County Parking Garage is located at 701 Earl Street at North Atlantic Avenue (A1A). The garage is strategically located, next to the Ocean Center , Daytona Lagoon , and across the street from the Hilton Hotel and Ocean Walk Shoppes . Over one thousand parking spaces are available inside the garage, which also houses an intermodal transfer station for VoTran . Pricing varies at different times of the year.
Rail
Passenger railroad service to Daytona Beach was established no later than 1889 by the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River Railway , predecessor of the Florida East Coast Railroad (FEC). Passenger trains continued calling at Daytona Beach till 1968, when the FEC terminated passenger operations system-wide.
Daytona Beach is served by Amtrak by way of a Thruway Motorcoach connection between the beachside and Amtrak 's DeLand Station , 28 miles to the west. There, the service connects northbound with train 92, the Silver Star , and train 98, the Silver Meteor . Southbound connections from Daytona Beach are limited to the Silver Meteor ' s southbound train 97. The DeLand - Daytona Beach service is Amtrak's only Florida Thruway Motorcoach route provided by a taxi-cab, rather than a bus.
Notable residents
Dan Allen , comedian
Duane Allman and Gregg Allman , musicians
Fulgencio Batista , 19th Cuban President
Vince Carter , basketball player
Ed Charles , former Major League Baseball player
Bill France, Sr. , founder of NASCAR
Danielle Harris , actress
Zora Neale Hurston , writer, anthropologist
Ryan Lochte , 2004 Olympic medalist in swimming
Mark Martin (racecar driver) , NASCAR driver
Mary McLeod Bethune , educator and civil rights activist
Walter M. Miller, Jr. - Author of A Canticle for Leibowitz
Ransom Eli Olds , automobile pioneer
Josef Papp , engineer
Glen "Fireball" Roberts , NASCAR driver
Bob Ross , artist and television host
David Sholtz , 26th governor of Florida
Mike Skinner , NASCAR driver
Howard Thurman , author and theologian
Rickie Weeks , MLB player for the Milwaukee Brewers
T. K. Wetherell , president of Florida State University
Robert Wright , musical theater writer
Aileen Wuornos , serial killer executed in 2002.
Smokey Yunick , mechanic and motor racing innovator
E. J. Kuale , gridiron football defensive end
Points of interest
Daytona 500 Experience
Daytona Beach Bandshell and Oceanfront Park Complex
Daytona International Speedway
Daytona Lagoon Water Park
Halifax Historical Museum
Jackie Robinson Ballpark
Main Street Pier
Mary McLeod Bethune Performing Arts Center and Visual Arts Gallery
Museum of Arts and Sciences
News Journal Center
Southeast Museum of Photography
The Ocean Center
List of Registered Historic Buildings in Daytona Beach, Florida
Ocean Walk Village
Sister cities
Bayonne , France
Images
Great Egret near the west bank of the Halifax River, Daytona Beach
Mallard ducks swimming in the Halifax River, Daytona Beach
White Ibis and Snowy Egret near west bank of Halifax River, Daytona Beach
A Great Blue Heron hunts for food
Daytona Beach
The city is historically known as having a beach where the hard packed sand allows motorized vehicles to drive on the beach in restricted areas. [ 6 ] This hard packed sand made Daytona Beach a mecca for motorsports , with the old Daytona Beach Road Course having hosted races for over 50 years. This course was replaced in 1959 by the Daytona International Speedway . The city is also the headquarters for NASCAR and the Grand American Road Racing Association .
Daytona Beach is a year-round family-friendly resort area, but could also accurately be called a seasonal town, with large groups of out-of-towners descending upon the city for various events, most notably Speedweeks in early February when over 200,000 NASCAR fans come to attend the season-opening Daytona 500 . Other events include the NASCAR Coke Zero 400 race in July, Bike Week in early March, Biketoberfest in mid October, and the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona endurance race in January. In the past Daytona Beach catered to spring breakers , but in recent years most of the vacationers have migrated to other sites, like Panama City Beach .
Contents
1 History
2 "The World's Most Famous Beach"
3 Geography and climate
3.1 Hurricanes and tropical storms
3.2 Tornadoes
3.3 Rogue Wave
4 Law and government
4.1 Local Government
4.1.1 Controversy
4.2 Local elected officials
4.3 Federal, state and county representation
5 Demographics
6 Culture
7 Daytona Beach in popular culture
8 Sports
8.1 Golf
9 Media
9.1 Newspapers
9.2 Radio
9.3 Television
10 Economy
10.1 Shopping
11 Education
11.1 Colleges and universities
11.2 Vocational schools
12 Transportation
12.1 Airports
12.2 Buses
12.3 Auto
12.4 Rail
13 Notable residents
14 Points of interest
15 Sister cities
16 Images
17 References
18 External links
//
History
The area was once inhabited by the Timucuan Indians , who lived in fortified villages. War and disease, however, would decimate the tribe. Florida was acquired from Spain by the United States in 1821, although permanent settlement was delayed until after the Second Seminole War from 1835 to 1842. When the Civil War ended, Florida experienced a boom in tourism .
The city was founded in 1870 and incorporated in 1876. It was named for its founder, Matthias D. Day. In 1886, the St. Johns & Halifax River Railway arrived in Daytona. The line would be purchased in 1889 by Henry M. Flagler , who made it part of his Florida East Coast Railway . The separate towns of Daytona, Daytona Beach and Seabreeze merged as "Daytona Beach" in 1926, at the urging of civic leader J.B. Kahn and others. By the 1920s, it was dubbed "The World's Most Famous Beach".
Daytona's wide beach of smooth, compacted sand attracted automobile and motorcycle races beginning in 1902, as pioneers in the industry tested their inventions. On March 8, 1936, the first stock car race was held on the Daytona Beach Road Course . In 1959, William France created NASCAR and the Daytona International Speedway to replace the beach course. Automobiles are still permitted on certain areas of the beach, at a maximum speed of 10 mph.
"The World's Most Famous Beach"
Carriages on the beach in Seabreeze, FL, 1906
The city and its beaches, lined with hotels, motels, condominiums and houses, attract over 8,000,000 tourists each year. In a wide variety of price ranges, hotel and motel rooms are typically plentiful even during special events. Daytona Beach has high security around its main hotel locations, with multiple cameras filming hotel and beach areas. It is one of the few places in the world where a car can be driven on an ocean beach. Most other driving beaches require 4 wheel drive or other special equipment. [ citation needed ] [ dubious – discuss ]
During motorcycle events (Bike Week and Biketoberfest), several thousand bikers from all over the world visit the greater Daytona Beach area. While the city is often associated with spring break , the efforts of the local government to discourage rowdiness, combined with the rise of other spring break destinations, have nearly ended Daytona's former preeminence as a spring break destination.
Daytona International Speedway
Special events that draw visitors to Daytona Beach include:
Speedweeks ( Daytona 500 NASCAR race, Rolex 24 sports car race, and others)
Coke Zero 400 , NASCAR race on or around July 4 (Traditionally called the Pepsi 400 or Firecracker 400)
Daytona Beach Bike Week Daytona 200 motorcycle races, bike shows and biker reunion in March
Biketoberfest in October
Turkey Run car show and events during Thanksgiving weekend (Traditionally called the Turkey Rod Run)
Spring break (date varies, usually the first and second week of March)
Daytona Beach is also home to the headquarters of NASCAR , Grand-Am , International Speedway Corporation , United States Tennis Association in Florida, and the LPGA .
Geography and climate
View of Beach St. South, 2007
Daytona Beach is located at 29°12′26″N 81°02′16″W / 29.207309°N 81.037900°W / 29.207309; -81.037900 . [ 7 ] According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 64.93 mi 2 (168.17 km 2 ). of which 58.68 square miles (152 km 2 )is land and 6.25 square miles (16 km 2 ) is water. Water is 9.6% of the total area.
The city of Daytona Beach is split in two by the Halifax River lagoon , part of the Intracoastal Waterway , and sits on the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered on the north by Holly Hill and Ormond Beach and on the south by Daytona Beach Shores , South Daytona and Port Orange . The major highways that serve the city are the east-west Interstate 4 and the north-south Interstate 95 , which intersect near the city. Other major roads in the city include US 92 /International Speedway Boulevard, U.S. 1 /Ridgewood Avenue, State Road 40 and A1A /Atlantic Avenue.
Daytona Beach has a humid subtropical climate , typical of the southeastern United States. Summers are hot and humid with highs usually in the 90s and a heat index often exceeding 100 degrees. Thunderstorms are frequent in summer afternoons and the hot, humid weather can last right through the fall months. Winters are dry and mild, marked by a constant series of cold fronts and warm-ups. Temperatures dip into the low 30s and upper 20s on rare occasion, and freezes are not common. Frost occurs a few times a year mainly in the inland areas, but is rare along the beaches. Snowfall is extremely rare. Temperatures in spring are famously pleasant with warm afternoons, cool evenings, and far less humidity. This beach-going weather attracts tourists back to the beaches usually by early March.
Despite its warm location, there were a few catastrophic freezes in the area's history. Early settlers only left vague records, but severe freezes were indicated on: Jan. 2-3, 1766; Feb. 7-8, 1835; and Jan. 16, 1857. The cold weather was so severe that crops such as orange trees were killed and several plantation owners abandoned the area as a result. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Monthly Normal and Record High and Low Temperatures
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Rec High °F
87
89
92
96
100
102
102
100
99
95
89
88
Norm High °F
69.7
71.1
75.6
79.8
85
88.8
91
90.1
87.9
82.6
76.9
71.4
Norm Low °F
47.1
48.8
53.7
58
64.5
70.6
72.4
72.8
71.9
65.3
57
50.1
Rec Low °F
15
24
26
35
44
52
60
65
52
41
27
19
Precip (in)
3.13
2.74
3.84
2.54
3.26
5.69
5.17
6.09
6.61
4.48
3.03
2.71
Source: USTravelWeather.com [ 10 ]
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Wrecked phone booth in Daytona Beach, located at the corner of highways US-92 and FL-A1A . Damage caused by 2004 Hurricane Frances.
Because of Daytona Beach's proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the city has a significant chance of receiving hurricanes and tropical storms every hurricane season . However, prior to 2004, major hurricanes are only recorded as skirting by the coast of Daytona Beach without any direct hits.
Hurricane Floyd passed along the Florida coast in September 1999, which caused significant beach erosion and collapsed about 200 ft. section of the Daytona Beach Pier.
The 2004 Hurricane season was particularly tumultuous in the Daytona Beach area. Hurricane Charley was a very fast-moving, compact storm, which made landfall near Port Charlotte, Florida , on August 13, swept across the state and hit Daytona Beach from the inland before reentering the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Frances was a very large storm in size, which moved made landfall at Hutchinson Island South, Florida (near Port St. Lucie, Florida ) in the early hours of September 5, and caused a significant amount of collateral damage. Portions of Daytona Beach were without electricity or phone service for ten days following Frances due to downed lines or shorted transformers. Just three weeks later, Hurricane Jeanne formed in the Atlantic Ocean and made landfall only six miles from the same spot Frances hit, at Hutchinson Island South, Florida , on September 26. Following the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season , the names Charlie, Frances, and Jeanne were all retired from use.
Tornadoes
Daytona Beach is not immune to the threat of tornadoes . Historical tornado activity is about 33% above the national average. On February 22, 1998 a tornado killed 13 people, injured 36 people, and caused $31 million in damages. Tornadoes also hit the city on Christmas Day , 2006. Some people were injured, but no fatalities were reported. Very significant damage was done to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 's campus as the F2 tornado that touched down in Daytona Beach cut through the heart of the campus. It destroyed 50 of the school's 75 aircraft, mostly Cessnas . More info can be found: tornadoes of 2006 , and at. [ 11 ]
Rogue Wave
On July 3 1992, a 27 mile long Rogue wave hit the Volusia County beaches. The wave's range was from Ormond Beach in the north, to New Smyrna Beach on the south. The crest was 9 feet high and centered at Daytona Beach. Sailboats crashed ashore onto cars and many people suffered cuts and bruises from glass and debris. Two people required hospitalization and 200 vehicles were damaged. 75 injuries were reported. The prevailing theory is that an underwater landslide caused the rogue wave, although others have theorized that it was the result of a squall line. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]
Law and government
Local Government
Under Daytona Beach's commission-manager form of government, voters elect a City commission which consists of seven members who serve four-year, staggered terms. Six are elected by district, the Mayor is elected city-wide.
The City Commission establishes ordinances and policies for the city. It also reviews and approves the city budget annually. The Commission appoints a City Manager , who carries out the will of the Commission and handles day-to-day business.
Controversy
The neutrality of this section is disputed . Please see the discussion on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (August 2008)
The city of Daytona Beach made national headlines when it selected the several mile radius around Main Street as a blighted area and has targeted it for redevelopment. The city has sued the owners of land in this area to take away the land and give it to a developer in California. In the past eminent domain cases, the land was taken for building roads, schools, and other government buildings. In this case, the city has sued landowners to build taller buildings which will give the city more property taxes. This was summarized in National Public radio podcast: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4760258 and in Entrepreneur Magazine: http://www.entrepreneur.com/magazine/entrepreneur/2005/january/74866.html The city's pro-eminent domain argument for this Main Street area is explained in this article: http://www.ci.daytona-beach.fl.us/cityhall/redev/plans/MAIN%20ST%20REDEV%20PLAN.pdf
Local elected officials
Mayor - Glenn Ritchey
Zone 1 Commissioner - Rick Shiver
Zone 2 Commissioner - Pamela Woods
Zone 3 Commissioner - Shiela K. McKay-Vaughan
Zone 4 Commissioner - Robert A. Gilliland
Zone 5 Commissioner - Derrick L. Henry
Zone 6 Commissioner - Cassandra G. Reynolds
City Manager (appointed) - James Chisholm
Federal, state and county representation
Daytona Beach is part of Florida's 7th congressional district and is part of Florida 's 27th Legislative District .
Florida's 7th congressional district , covering portions of Flagler County , Putnam County , St. Johns County , Seminole County and Volusia County , is represented by John Mica ( R ). Florida is represented in the Senate by Mel Martinez ( R , Orlando ) and Bill Nelson ( D , Orlando ).
The 27th legislative district of the Florida Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Evelyn J. Lynn ( R , Ormond Beach ) and in the State House of Representatives by Dwayne L. Taylor ( D , Daytona Beach ). The Governor of Florida is Charlie Crist ( R , St. Petersburg ). The Lieutenant Governor of Florida is Jeff Kottkamp ( R , Cape Coral ).
Demographics
Historical populations
Census
Pop.
%±
1890
771
—
1900
1,690
119.2 %
1910
3,721
120.2 %
1920
6,841
83.8 %
1930
16,598
142.6 %
1940
22,584
36.1 %
1950
30,187
33.7 %
1960
37,395
23.9 %
1970
45,327
21.2 %
1980
54,176
19.5 %
1990
61,921
14.3 %
2000
64,112
3.5 %
Est. 2008
64,211
0.2 %
Population 1910-2000. [ 14 ]
As of the census [ 3 ] of 2000, there were 64,112 people, 28,605 households, and 13,844 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,092.6/mi 2 (421.8/km 2 ). There were 33,345 housing units at an average density of 568.3/mi 2 (219.4/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 62.33% White , 32.75% African American , 1.73% Asian , 0.32% Native American , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 1.05% from other races, and 1.76% from two or more races. 3.48% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
A postcard depicting Daytona's Ridgewood Avenue, c. 1915
There were 28,605 households out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.1% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.77.
In the city the population was spread out with 17.6% under the age of 18, 16.6% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $25,439, and the median income for a family was $33,514. Males had a median income of $25,705 versus $20,261 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,530. 23.6% of the population and 16.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.9% of those under the age of 18 and 12.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line .
Culture
Daytona Beach Skyline, from the Seabreeze Bridge, 2007
The Museum of Arts and Sciences is the primary cultural facility for Daytona Beach and Volusia County . Other museums located in the city include the Southeast Museum of Photography and the Halifax Historical Museum . The Museum of Arts and Sciences is actually a collection of museums and galleries and includes the Klancke Environmental Complex, the Cuban Museum, Root Family Museum featuring one of the largest Coca-Cola(R) collections in the world, the Dow American Gallery and the Bouchelle Center for Decorative Arts which together form what is probably one of the finest collections of furniture and decorative arts in the Southeast . There are also changing exhibitions and a new children's science center planned to open in 2008.
Daytona Beach in popular culture
Novels set in Daytona Beach include:
Day Number 142 (1974) by Edgar A. Anderson
Last Cruise of the Nightwatch (1956) by Howard Broomfield
Kick of the Wheel (1957) by Stewart Sterling
There have been a number of movies based on Daytona Beach, usually with a racing theme. The most recent example was the 1990 hit Days of Thunder , parts of which were filmed in Daytona Beach and nearby DeLand .
Chris Rea wrote the song Daytona which was in his 1989 album The Road to Hell
Daytona Beach was also the destination of a group of plagued teenagers in the movie Final Destination 2.
Sports
Club
League
Venue
Established
Championships
Daytona Cubs
FSL , Baseball
Jackie Robinson Ballpark
1993
2
Daytona Beach ThunderBirds
af2 , Arena football
Ocean Center
2006
0
In addition to motorsports, Daytona is also the home of the Daytona Cubs , a minor league baseball team of the Florida State League and the Daytona Beach ThunderBirds , an arena football team of the af2 . The Sintral Florida Derby Demons, an all female flat track roller derby team also calls Daytona Home. Their home games are played in South Daytona at Skate City on Nova Road.
Golf
There are a number of golf courses in Daytona Beach.
Club at Pelican Bay North and South Courses
Daytona Beach Golf Course
Indigo Lakes Golf Club
LPGA International Golf Course
Media
Newspapers
The Daytona Beach News-Journal - Daily newspaper covering the Greater Daytona Beach Area.
Hometown News - Weekly newspaper covering Daytona Beach, Holly Hill and Ormond Beach.
Orlando Sentinel - Newspaper and news site based in Orlando with a bureau covering Daytona Beach and Volusia County .
The Avion Newspaper - Student college publication of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach.
The Daytona Times - Black Newspaper covering Daytona Beach
Radio
AM
WNDB , 1150 AM , Daytona Beach, News / Talk / Sports
WROD , 1340 AM , Daytona Beach, OLDIES
WMFJ , 1450 AM , Daytona Beach, Religious
WPUL, AM 1590 [AM broadcastinglAM, Daytona Beach, Adult Contemporary/Newstalk
FM
WJLU , 89.7 FM , Daytona Beach, Religious
WCFB , 94.5 FM , Daytona Beach, Urban Adult Contemporary
WIKD-LP , 99.1 FM , Daytona Beach, Campus Radio of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
WJHM , 101.9 FM , Daytona Beach, Mainstream Urban
WVYB , 103.3 FM , Daytona Beach & Holly Hill, Top 40
v • d • e
Radio stations in the Daytona Beach, Florida market
By AM frequency
1150 • 1230 • 1310 • 1340 • 1380 • 1450 • 1490 • 1550 • 1590
By FM frequency
88.1 • 88.7 • 89.7 • 90.3 • 91.5 • 92.7 • 93.1 • 94.5 • 95.7 • 101.9 • 99.1 • 103.3 • 105.9
By callsign
WAPN • WBHQ • WCFB • WEAZ • WELE • WHOG-FM • WIKD-LP • WJHM • WJLH • WJLU • WKRO-FM • WKTO • WMFJ • WNDB • WNZF • WOCL • WPUL • WROD • WSBB • WTJV • WVYB • WYND
Florida Radio Markets: Daytona Beach • Fort Myers-Naples-Marco Island • Ft. Pierce-Stuart-Vero Beach • Ft. Walton Beach • Gainesville-Ocala • Jacksonville • Lakeland-Winter Haven • Melbourne-Titusville-Cocoa • Miami-Ft. Lauderdale • Orlando • Panama City • Pensacola • Sarasota-Bradenton • Sebring • Tallahassee • Tampa-St.Petersburg-Clearwater • West Palm Beach-Boca Raton
Other Florida Radio Regions: The Florida Keys • Lake City
See also: List of radio stations in Florida
Television
WESH , Channel 2, digital channel 11, NBC
WDSC-TV , analog channel 15, digital channel 33, PBS
Central Florida News 13 , Bright House Networks cable channel 13
Economy
Posted speed limit on Daytona Beach
A large part of the Daytona Beach area economy is involved in the tourist industry . Over 8 million visitors came to the Daytona Beach area in 2004.
The area's economy includes other industries besides tourism , such as manufacturing . Daytona Beach provides a dynamic business environment with opportunities for the development and growth of smaller, home grown businesses and large corporate enterprises. It's a community with a talented and diverse workforce. Daytona Beach has industrial sites within an enterprise zone and sites within a foreign trade zone adjacent to Daytona Beach International Airport . A medical office park provides additional sites. Prime Interstate 4 and Interstate 95 sites are available with excellent access to road , air , rail and water transportation .
Companies and organizations that have their corporate headquarters or a major presence in the area:
Halifax Health
International Speedway Corporation
Gambro-Renal Products
Ladies Professional Golf Association
NASCAR
SunTrust Bank
Shopping
Volusia Mall , 1700 West International Speedway Blvd. The largest shopping mall in Daytona Beach. Anchored by Sears , JC Penney , Macy's , and Dillard's .
Ocean Walk Shoppes , 250 North Atlantic Ave. Open-air shopping center, located in the heart of the beach area.
Promenade Shopping Center
Wal-Mart Super Center
Education
Public primary and secondary education is handled by Volusia County Schools . Daytona Beach has two public traditional high schools , Seabreeze High School and Mainland High School . Some of the larger private schools include Father Lopez Catholic High School .
The life-sized Wright Flyer statue is located at the Daytona Beach campus of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
Colleges and universities
Bethune-Cookman University
Daytona State College
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
University of Central Florida , Daytona Beach Campus
Vocational schools
The Airline Academy - Offers flight training for pilots and other airline professionals.
Keiser College
WyoTech (formerly AMI) Offers automotive repair, motorcycle repair, and marine repair training.
Phoenix East Aviation - Offers flight training for pilots .
Transportation
Airports
Passenger airline services are located at Daytona Beach International Airport (DAB), which is centrally located within the city, adjacent to Daytona International Speedway . The city first located its airport at this location in 1930, with terminals being constructed in 1952 and 1958. The present facility was constructed in 1992 at the cost of $46 million, and includes both a Domestic terminal and an International terminal. Despite the new facilities, DAB has found difficulty in attracting and retaining carriers, having seen Continental Airlines , AirTran Airways , and United Airlines discontinue flights to Daytona in 2007 and 2008. [ 15 ] LTU & American Airlines also serviced Daytona Beach during the 1980's and 1990's, both of which ended all flights in 1994 & 1997.
Current passenger airlines serving DAB include Delta Air Lines , with service non-stop to Atlanta, GA and US Airways , flying non-stop to Charlotte, NC . Both carriers offer connecting service from those cities to destinations worldwide.
International flights from Daytona Beach are available to destinations in the Bahamas through air-taxi and charter services Airgate Aviation [1] and IslandPass. Non-stop flights are available from DAB to Marsh Harbour , Treasure Cay , and North Eleuthera . [ 16 ]
DAB is heavily used for the purpose of general aviation , largely due to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University , whose campus is located at the airport.
Other airports nearby are Orlando International Airport and Jacksonville International Airport , both of which are approximately one and one half hours away.
Buses
Daytona Beach is served by Greyhound Bus Lines , which has a terminal located at 138 South Ridgewood Avenue (US-1). The Greyhound routes from Daytona Beach connect with hubs in Jacksonville and Orlando .
VoTran is the local bus service provided by Volusia County. It is a cheap way to get around and is handicap accessible. Buses travel to most sites and places of interest. A one-day VoTran bus pass costs $3.
A1A Beachside Trolley operates from January to Labor Day (September) along Atlantic Avenue on the beachside. They are air-conditioned and handicapped accessible.
The Volusia County Parking Garage in Daytona Beach provides a place for visitors to park and walk around.
Auto
Daytona Beach is easily accessible by I-95 that runs North and South and I-4 connecting Daytona Beach with Orlando and Tampa . U.S. 1 (Ridgewood Avenue) also passes through Daytona Beach. A1A is a scenic North/South route along the beach.
The Volusia County Parking Garage is located at 701 Earl Street at North Atlantic Avenue (A1A). The garage is strategically located, next to the Ocean Center , Daytona Lagoon , and across the street from the Hilton Hotel and Ocean Walk Shoppes . Over one thousand parking spaces are available inside the garage, which also houses an intermodal transfer station for VoTran . Pricing varies at different times of the year.
Rail
Passenger railroad service to Daytona Beach was established no later than 1889 by the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River Railway , predecessor of the Florida East Coast Railroad (FEC). Passenger trains continued calling at Daytona Beach till 1968, when the FEC terminated passenger operations system-wide.
Daytona Beach is served by Amtrak by way of a Thruway Motorcoach connection between the beachside and Amtrak 's DeLand Station , 28 miles to the west. There, the service connects northbound with train 92, the Silver Star , and train 98, the Silver Meteor . Southbound connections from Daytona Beach are limited to the Silver Meteor ' s southbound train 97. The DeLand - Daytona Beach service is Amtrak's only Florida Thruway Motorcoach route provided by a taxi-cab, rather than a bus.
Notable residents
Dan Allen , comedian
Duane Allman and Gregg Allman , musicians
Fulgencio Batista , 19th Cuban President
Vince Carter , basketball player
Ed Charles , former Major League Baseball player
Bill France, Sr. , founder of NASCAR
Danielle Harris , actress
Zora Neale Hurston , writer, anthropologist
Ryan Lochte , 2004 Olympic medalist in swimming
Mark Martin (racecar driver) , NASCAR driver
Mary McLeod Bethune , educator and civil rights activist
Walter M. Miller, Jr. - Author of A Canticle for Leibowitz
Ransom Eli Olds , automobile pioneer
Josef Papp , engineer
Glen "Fireball" Roberts , NASCAR driver
Bob Ross , artist and television host
David Sholtz , 26th governor of Florida
Mike Skinner , NASCAR driver
Howard Thurman , author and theologian
Rickie Weeks , MLB player for the Milwaukee Brewers
T. K. Wetherell , president of Florida State University
Robert Wright , musical theater writer
Aileen Wuornos , serial killer executed in 2002.
Smokey Yunick , mechanic and motor racing innovator
E. J. Kuale , gridiron football defensive end
Points of interest
Daytona 500 Experience
Daytona Beach Bandshell and Oceanfront Park Complex
Daytona International Speedway
Daytona Lagoon Water Park
Halifax Historical Museum
Jackie Robinson Ballpark
Main Street Pier
Mary McLeod Bethune Performing Arts Center and Visual Arts Gallery
Museum of Arts and Sciences
News Journal Center
Southeast Museum of Photography
The Ocean Center
List of Registered Historic Buildings in Daytona Beach, Florida
Ocean Walk Village
Sister cities
Bayonne , France
Images
Great Egret near the west bank of the Halifax River, Daytona Beach
Mallard ducks swimming in the Halifax River, Daytona Beach
White Ibis and Snowy Egret near west bank of Halifax River, Daytona Beach
A Great Blue Heron hunts for food
De Leon Springs
Geography
De Leon Springs is located at 29°7′13″N 81°21′11″W / 29.12028°N 81.35306°W / 29.12028; -81.35306 (29.120268, -81.352988) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 6.8 km² (2.6 mi²), all land.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 2,358 people, 727 households, and 569 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 346.2/km² (896.2/mi²). There were 765 housing units at an average density of 112.3/km² (290.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.67% White , 6.87% African American , 0.25% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 23.41% from other races , and 2.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 38.08% of the population.
Building in Strawn Historic Agricultural District
There were 727 households out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 3.59.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 31.5% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $27,422, and the median income for a family was $34,643. Males had a median income of $25,424 versus $15,547 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,280. About 14.5% of families and 17.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 26.1% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
De Leon Springs
Geography
De Leon Springs is located at 29°7′13″N 81°21′11″W / 29.12028°N 81.35306°W / 29.12028; -81.35306 (29.120268, -81.352988) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 6.8 km² (2.6 mi²), all land.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 2,358 people, 727 households, and 569 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 346.2/km² (896.2/mi²). There were 765 housing units at an average density of 112.3/km² (290.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.67% White , 6.87% African American , 0.25% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 23.41% from other races , and 2.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 38.08% of the population.
Building in Strawn Historic Agricultural District
There were 727 households out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 3.59.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 31.5% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $27,422, and the median income for a family was $34,643. Males had a median income of $25,424 versus $15,547 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,280. About 14.5% of families and 17.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 26.1% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
dead bolt
A deadbolt is often used to complement a spring-bolt lock on an entry door to a building. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Common types
2 Security considerations
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
//
Common types
A deadlock may be either single cylinder or double cylinder. A single cylinder deadlock will accept a key on one side of the lock, but be operated by a twist knob on the other side. Double cylinder locks will accept a key on both sides and can therefore do away with the twist knob. This prevents unwanted unlocking of the door by forced access to the interior twist knob, via a nearby window for example. [ 2 ]
A variant of the standard deadbolt is the vertical deadbolt, which generally rests on top of a door. Vertical deadbolts resist jimmying , in which an intruder inserts a pry bar between the door and the frame and attempts to pry the bolt out of the jamb .
Other types of deadbolts include:
Single Cylinder with removable thumbturn
Classroom Function (thumbturn only unlocks door)
Exit Only Function (no external cylinder)
Pushbutton Deadbolt (mechanical or electrical)
Security considerations
Many designs are available from manufacturers. Various manufacturers have patented designs offering unique solutions to prevent the locks from being defeated by picking, lock bumping , prying, and other forceful attacks.
A deadlock can provide more security than an ordinary spring-bolt lock simply because of the weight of the locking bolt. Since the bolt in a deadlock does not need to retract quickly like a spring-bolt does when closing a door, it can be heavy, allowing for stronger designs.
A double cylinder deadlock without a twist knob cannot be opened without a key. This design may be suitable for doors with glass sections, or doors with nearby windows, since a deadlock with an internal twist knob may be opened by penetrating the nearby glass and reaching the knob. This double cylinder design raises a safety issue however. In the event of a fire, occupants will be prevented from escaping through double-cylinder locked doors unless the correct key is used. This is often an avoidable cause of death in house fires. [ 3 ] The risk can be mitigated by locking the deadlock only when there are no occupants inside the building, or leaving the key near the keyhole.
See also
Door security
Lock bumping
dead bolt
A deadbolt is often used to complement a spring-bolt lock on an entry door to a building. [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Common types
2 Security considerations
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
//
Common types
A deadlock may be either single cylinder or double cylinder. A single cylinder deadlock will accept a key on one side of the lock, but be operated by a twist knob on the other side. Double cylinder locks will accept a key on both sides and can therefore do away with the twist knob. This prevents unwanted unlocking of the door by forced access to the interior twist knob, via a nearby window for example. [ 2 ]
A variant of the standard deadbolt is the vertical deadbolt, which generally rests on top of a door. Vertical deadbolts resist jimmying , in which an intruder inserts a pry bar between the door and the frame and attempts to pry the bolt out of the jamb .
Other types of deadbolts include:
Single Cylinder with removable thumbturn
Classroom Function (thumbturn only unlocks door)
Exit Only Function (no external cylinder)
Pushbutton Deadbolt (mechanical or electrical)
Security considerations
Many designs are available from manufacturers. Various manufacturers have patented designs offering unique solutions to prevent the locks from being defeated by picking, lock bumping , prying, and other forceful attacks.
A deadlock can provide more security than an ordinary spring-bolt lock simply because of the weight of the locking bolt. Since the bolt in a deadlock does not need to retract quickly like a spring-bolt does when closing a door, it can be heavy, allowing for stronger designs.
A double cylinder deadlock without a twist knob cannot be opened without a key. This design may be suitable for doors with glass sections, or doors with nearby windows, since a deadlock with an internal twist knob may be opened by penetrating the nearby glass and reaching the knob. This double cylinder design raises a safety issue however. In the event of a fire, occupants will be prevented from escaping through double-cylinder locked doors unless the correct key is used. This is often an avoidable cause of death in house fires. [ 3 ] The risk can be mitigated by locking the deadlock only when there are no occupants inside the building, or leaving the key near the keyhole.
See also
Door security
Lock bumping
Debary
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 References
5 External links
//
History
The Timucuan Indians once lived in the vicinity of Lake Monroe , where the domain of Chief Utina extended to just north of Lake George. They hunted, fished and gathered plants and berries from the forest. By 1760, however, the Timucua had disappeared and been replaced by the Seminole tribe from Alabama and Georgia . Florida was acquired from Spain in 1821, but the Seminole Wars would delay settlement. In 1866, Elijah Watson of Enterprise sold land to Oliver and Amanda Arnett on the northern shore of the St. Johns River at Lake Monroe, where they built a house.
The couple in turn sold 400 acres (1.6 km²) in 1871 to (Samuel) Frederick deBary, a wealthy wine merchant from New York City , and that same year he erected a hunting lodge . Called "DeBary Hall," the 8,000 square foot (700 m²), 20 room Italianate mansion featured a two-tiered veranda , stables , an ice-house and the state's first swimming pool , fed by a spring . Visitors included President Ulysses S. Grant and President Grover Cleveland . Over time he acquired an additional 9,000 acres (36 km²), planting orange groves and pecan trees. There is some debate as to whether this was actually the first pool in Florida, as a St. Augustine pool has also made the same claim. One possibility is that this was the first Spring-fed pool in the state (See Orlando Sentinel article).
In 1875, deBary bought a small steamboat , the George M. Bird , to transport his horses and dogs along the St. Johns River for hunting expeditions, and also to take fruit to market. He established the DeBary Merchants' Line in 1876, a steamship service contracted to carry mail between Jacksonville and Enterprise. It would acquire the sidewheeler Frederick DeBary . In 1883, the firm merged with the Baya Line , owned by Colonel H.T. Baya, to create the DeBary-Baya Merchants' Line , with 13 steamboats and a crew of 3,000 running to Sanford . The DeBary-Baya Merchants' Line sold its business in 1889 to the Clyde Line , which survived until 1928.
Frederick deBary died in 1898, and his mansion is today a restored museum, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The estate, reduced to 10 acres, now features the community's oldest building, the Arnett House. Incorporated in 1993, the City of DeBary is named for its noted settler.
Geography
DeBary is located at 28°53′03″N 81°18′40″W / 28.884224°N 81.310995°W / 28.884224; -81.310995 . [ 3 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 55.5 km² (21.4 mi²). 47.2 km² (18.2 mi²) of it is land and 8.3 km² (3.2 mi²) of it (15.02%) is water. DeBary is situated on the St. Johns River near Lake Monroe .
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 15,559 people, 6,538 households, and 4,720 families residing in the city. The population density was 329.7/km² (853.8/mi²). There were 7,001 housing units at an average density of 148.4/km² (384.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.94% White , 1.90% African American , 0.20% Native American , 1.13% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.86% from other races , and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.15% of the population.
There were 6,538 households out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city the population was spread out with 20.0% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,364, and the median income for a family was $50,022. Males had a median income of $36,813 versus $25,920 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,283. About 5.2% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b "American FactFinder" . United States Census Bureau . http://factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Board on Geographic Names" . United States Geological Survey . 2007-10-25 . http://geonames.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990" . United States Census Bureau . 2005-05-03 . http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
Debary
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 References
5 External links
//
History
The Timucuan Indians once lived in the vicinity of Lake Monroe , where the domain of Chief Utina extended to just north of Lake George. They hunted, fished and gathered plants and berries from the forest. By 1760, however, the Timucua had disappeared and been replaced by the Seminole tribe from Alabama and Georgia . Florida was acquired from Spain in 1821, but the Seminole Wars would delay settlement. In 1866, Elijah Watson of Enterprise sold land to Oliver and Amanda Arnett on the northern shore of the St. Johns River at Lake Monroe, where they built a house.
The couple in turn sold 400 acres (1.6 km²) in 1871 to (Samuel) Frederick deBary, a wealthy wine merchant from New York City , and that same year he erected a hunting lodge . Called "DeBary Hall," the 8,000 square foot (700 m²), 20 room Italianate mansion featured a two-tiered veranda , stables , an ice-house and the state's first swimming pool , fed by a spring . Visitors included President Ulysses S. Grant and President Grover Cleveland . Over time he acquired an additional 9,000 acres (36 km²), planting orange groves and pecan trees. There is some debate as to whether this was actually the first pool in Florida, as a St. Augustine pool has also made the same claim. One possibility is that this was the first Spring-fed pool in the state (See Orlando Sentinel article).
In 1875, deBary bought a small steamboat , the George M. Bird , to transport his horses and dogs along the St. Johns River for hunting expeditions, and also to take fruit to market. He established the DeBary Merchants' Line in 1876, a steamship service contracted to carry mail between Jacksonville and Enterprise. It would acquire the sidewheeler Frederick DeBary . In 1883, the firm merged with the Baya Line , owned by Colonel H.T. Baya, to create the DeBary-Baya Merchants' Line , with 13 steamboats and a crew of 3,000 running to Sanford . The DeBary-Baya Merchants' Line sold its business in 1889 to the Clyde Line , which survived until 1928.
Frederick deBary died in 1898, and his mansion is today a restored museum, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The estate, reduced to 10 acres, now features the community's oldest building, the Arnett House. Incorporated in 1993, the City of DeBary is named for its noted settler.
Geography
DeBary is located at 28°53′03″N 81°18′40″W / 28.884224°N 81.310995°W / 28.884224; -81.310995 . [ 3 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 55.5 km² (21.4 mi²). 47.2 km² (18.2 mi²) of it is land and 8.3 km² (3.2 mi²) of it (15.02%) is water. DeBary is situated on the St. Johns River near Lake Monroe .
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 15,559 people, 6,538 households, and 4,720 families residing in the city. The population density was 329.7/km² (853.8/mi²). There were 7,001 housing units at an average density of 148.4/km² (384.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.94% White , 1.90% African American , 0.20% Native American , 1.13% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.86% from other races , and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.15% of the population.
There were 6,538 households out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city the population was spread out with 20.0% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,364, and the median income for a family was $50,022. Males had a median income of $36,813 versus $25,920 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,283. About 5.2% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b "American FactFinder" . United States Census Bureau . http://factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Board on Geographic Names" . United States Geological Survey . 2007-10-25 . http://geonames.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990" . United States Census Bureau . 2005-05-03 . http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
Deland
DeLand is home to Stetson University and The Museum of Florida Art. Noted for its historic architecture , the downtown has been undergoing extensive renovations in recent years. On February 2, 2007, DeLand and the surrounding area was hit by a major tornado outbreak . [ 6 ]
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Topography
3 Demographics
4 Historic districts
5 Economy
5.1 Shopping
5.2 Area lodging
6 Education
6.1 Elementary schools
6.2 Middle schools
6.3 High schools
6.4 Colleges and universities
7 Sports and recreation
8 In the movies
9 Media
9.1 Newspapers
9.2 Radio stations
9.2.1 AM
9.2.2 FM
10 Notable residents
11 Sites of interest
12 References
13 External links
//
History
Known as Persimmon Hollow for the wild persimmon trees that grow around the natural springs , the area was originally accessible only by steamboat up the St. Johns River . It was settled in 1874 by Captain John Rich, who built a log cabin . It was visited in 1876 by Henry Addison DeLand , a baking soda magnate from Fairport, New York , who envisioned here a citrus , agricultural and tourism center. That year he bought land and founded the town named for himself. He sold his northern business and hired people to clear land, and lay out streets, erect buildings and recruit settlers, most of whom came from upstate New York . Henry Deland was never a full-time resident of Florida. Incorporated in 1882, the city became county seat in 1887. It was the first city in Florida to have electricity . [ citation needed ]
To enhance the community's stature and culture, and to boom the value of his local real estate holdings, in 1883, Henry A. DeLand established DeLand Academy, Florida's first private college. But in 1885, a freeze destroyed the orange crop. One story has it that DeLand had guaranteed settlers' investments as an inducement to relocate, and so was obligated to buy back their ruined groves , though there is no hard evidence that this actually happened. Like many other would-be real estate magnates in the area at the time, his Florida investments were nearly worthless after the freeze and he returned to his home in the north. DeLand entrusted the academy to his friend John B. Stetson , a wealthy hat manufacturer from Philadelphia and one of the institution's founding trustees. In 1889, it was renamed John B. Stetson University in its patron's honor. Later shortened to Stetson University , it founded in 1900 the first law school in Florida. The various sports teams are called the Hatters.
During the 1920s Florida Land Boom , DeLand's streets filled with fine examples of stucco Mediterranean Revival Style architecture , many of which have been handsomely restored, one namely being the recently reopened Athens Theatre, which is under the ownership of the Sands Theater Center, Inc.
Geography
Topography
DeLand is located at 29°1′44″N 81°18′2″W / 29.02889°N 81.30056°W / 29.02889; -81.30056 , [ 7 ] approximately halfway between Orlando and Daytona Beach .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 16.1 square miles (42 km 2 ), of which 15.9 square miles (41 km 2 )) is land and 0.2 square miles (1 km 2 ) of which is water (1.18%). DeLand is drained by the St. Johns River .
Demographics
Annual Dog Parade
As of the census [ 3 ] of 2000, there were 20,904 people, 8,375 households, and 4,631 families residing in the city. The population density was 1317.1/mi² (506.8/km²). There were 9,272 housing units at an average density of 584.2/mi² (225.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 74.96% White , 19.18% African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.81% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 3.00% from other races , and 1.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.73% of the population.
There were 8,375 households out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the city the population was spread out with 20.7% under the age of 18, 14.9% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 83.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,712, and the median income for a family was $35,329. Males had a median income of $26,389 versus $20,114 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,936. About 14.2% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 31.3% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.
Deland
DeLand is home to Stetson University and The Museum of Florida Art. Noted for its historic architecture , the downtown has been undergoing extensive renovations in recent years. On February 2, 2007, DeLand and the surrounding area was hit by a major tornado outbreak . [ 6 ]
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Topography
3 Demographics
4 Historic districts
5 Economy
5.1 Shopping
5.2 Area lodging
6 Education
6.1 Elementary schools
6.2 Middle schools
6.3 High schools
6.4 Colleges and universities
7 Sports and recreation
8 In the movies
9 Media
9.1 Newspapers
9.2 Radio stations
9.2.1 AM
9.2.2 FM
10 Notable residents
11 Sites of interest
12 References
13 External links
//
History
Known as Persimmon Hollow for the wild persimmon trees that grow around the natural springs , the area was originally accessible only by steamboat up the St. Johns River . It was settled in 1874 by Captain John Rich, who built a log cabin . It was visited in 1876 by Henry Addison DeLand , a baking soda magnate from Fairport, New York , who envisioned here a citrus , agricultural and tourism center. That year he bought land and founded the town named for himself. He sold his northern business and hired people to clear land, and lay out streets, erect buildings and recruit settlers, most of whom came from upstate New York . Henry Deland was never a full-time resident of Florida. Incorporated in 1882, the city became county seat in 1887. It was the first city in Florida to have electricity . [ citation needed ]
To enhance the community's stature and culture, and to boom the value of his local real estate holdings, in 1883, Henry A. DeLand established DeLand Academy, Florida's first private college. But in 1885, a freeze destroyed the orange crop. One story has it that DeLand had guaranteed settlers' investments as an inducement to relocate, and so was obligated to buy back their ruined groves , though there is no hard evidence that this actually happened. Like many other would-be real estate magnates in the area at the time, his Florida investments were nearly worthless after the freeze and he returned to his home in the north. DeLand entrusted the academy to his friend John B. Stetson , a wealthy hat manufacturer from Philadelphia and one of the institution's founding trustees. In 1889, it was renamed John B. Stetson University in its patron's honor. Later shortened to Stetson University , it founded in 1900 the first law school in Florida. The various sports teams are called the Hatters.
During the 1920s Florida Land Boom , DeLand's streets filled with fine examples of stucco Mediterranean Revival Style architecture , many of which have been handsomely restored, one namely being the recently reopened Athens Theatre, which is under the ownership of the Sands Theater Center, Inc.
Geography
Topography
DeLand is located at 29°1′44″N 81°18′2″W / 29.02889°N 81.30056°W / 29.02889; -81.30056 , [ 7 ] approximately halfway between Orlando and Daytona Beach .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 16.1 square miles (42 km 2 ), of which 15.9 square miles (41 km 2 )) is land and 0.2 square miles (1 km 2 ) of which is water (1.18%). DeLand is drained by the St. Johns River .
Demographics
Annual Dog Parade
As of the census [ 3 ] of 2000, there were 20,904 people, 8,375 households, and 4,631 families residing in the city. The population density was 1317.1/mi² (506.8/km²). There were 9,272 housing units at an average density of 584.2/mi² (225.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 74.96% White , 19.18% African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.81% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 3.00% from other races , and 1.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.73% of the population.
There were 8,375 households out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the city the population was spread out with 20.7% under the age of 18, 14.9% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 83.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,712, and the median income for a family was $35,329. Males had a median income of $26,389 versus $20,114 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,936. About 14.2% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 31.3% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.
Deltona
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Education
4.1 Elementary schools
4.2 Middle schools
4.3 High schools
4.4 College
5 Notable residents
6 References
7 External links
//
History
In 1962 the Mackle Brothers bought 17,203 acres, filed for a planned unit development with 35,143 lots and named the area Deltona. The name "Deltona" is a portmaneau, derived from two nearby cities - "Del-" from DeLand and "-tona" from Daytona Beach .
The first Deltona residents arrived in April 1963. By the end of that year 78 families had arrived in Deltona. Deltona was laid out by the Mackle brothers who have a street reverse-named in their honor (Elkcam). Deltona formed from the Mackle brothers idea of "community". The area is mainly populated by younger families living in single-family homes. Due to its proximity to Orlando and its theme parks via I-4, the area grew very rapidly between 1970 and 2000, and Deltona has served as a bedroom community for commuters to Orlando. Residents voted to incorporate as a city on 31 December 1995, after two previous attempts had failed in 1987 and 1990.
Deltona is centrally located between Daytona Beach and Orlando and is considered to be an "edge city" of Orlando. Deltona abuts the rural communities of Cassadaga , Enterprise and Osteen . It is adjacent to the cities of Orange City and DeBary . Police protection is provided through inter-local agreement with the Volulsia County Sheriff's Office.
Deltona is home to the Lyonia Preserve, a 360 acre joint project of Volusia County Land Acquisition and Management and the Volusia County School Board. The federally threatened Florida Scrub Jay lives on the preserve.
Geography
Deltona is located at 28°54′25″N 81°12′59″W / 28.907032°N 81.216345°W / 28.907032; -81.216345 (28.907032, -81.216345). [ 6 ]
The majority of the land in the city is of karst topography . Eons ago, when ocean levels were higher Deltona was much closer to the seashore. The ancient sand dunes and the foliage that adapted there are now an ecosystem that is quickly becoming scarce in Florida because of development. This landscape is dominated on the surface by sandhills and Sand Pine scrub while below its surface limestone and sandy soils work to filter rainfall as it becomes groundwater and part of Florida's unique hydrological system.
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 38.3 mi 2 (99.2 km 2 ), of which 35.78 square miles (93 km 2 ) is land and 2.54 square miles (7 km 2 ) is water. Water is 6.6% of the total area.
Deltona is generally divided into three "sides." First side, or the first exit from 1-4, starts at Deltona Blvd and is generally considered to end at Saxon Blvd. Second Side, which begins at Howland Blvd and ends at Providence Blvd, includes Deltona High, while Third Side, which starts at Providence and ends in Osteen, includes Pine Ridge High
Demographics
Historical populations
Census
Pop.
%±
1970
4,868
—
1980
15,810
224.8 %
1990
50,828
221.5 %
2000
69,543
36.8 %
According to the City of Deltona, the population was 85,921 (as of September 7, 2008), 33,715 developed lots, and 36,683 Platted single family residential lots, and an average family size of 2.78 residing in the city.
Based on the 2000 census, the population density was 1,943.7/mi 2 (750.4/km 2 ). There were 26,417 housing units at an average density of 738.4/mi 2 (285.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 57.92% White , 20.00% African American , 0.35% Native American , 0.93% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 4.97% from other races , and 2.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.33% of the population.
There were 24,896 households out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the city the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $46,078, and the median income for a family was $42,122. Males had a median income of $31,087 versus $23,482 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,648. About 6.2% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
According to various real estate studies, individual educational levels are 83.2% with a High School Diploma, 11.5% with some college, 16.4% with a Bachelor's Degree, and 11.2% with a Graduate Degree.
The Unemployment Rate is approximately 6.5% with recent job growth of -0.1% and future job growth of 23.6%.
In political circles, 50.4% of Deltona residents are registered Democrats, 48.8% Republican, and 0.6% registered Independent (others). The Deltona City Commission is a Non-Partisan government body.
Education
All public schools in the city are run by Volusia County Schools .
According to various real estate studies, individual educational levels are:
83.2% with a High School Diploma
11.5% with some college
16.4% with a Bachelor's Degree
11.2% with a Graduate Degree.
Elementary schools
Deltona Lakes Elementary
Discovery Elementary
Forest Lake Elementary
Friendship Elementary
Pride Elementary
Spirit Elementary
Sunrise Elementary
Timbercrest Elementary
Deltona Lakes Elementary
Middle schools
Deltona Middle School
Galaxy Middle School
Heritage Middle School
High schools
Deltona High School
Pine Ridge High School
Trinity Christian Academy (Serves K-12)
Deltona
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Education
4.1 Elementary schools
4.2 Middle schools
4.3 High schools
4.4 College
5 Notable residents
6 References
7 External links
//
History
In 1962 the Mackle Brothers bought 17,203 acres, filed for a planned unit development with 35,143 lots and named the area Deltona. The name "Deltona" is a portmaneau, derived from two nearby cities - "Del-" from DeLand and "-tona" from Daytona Beach .
The first Deltona residents arrived in April 1963. By the end of that year 78 families had arrived in Deltona. Deltona was laid out by the Mackle brothers who have a street reverse-named in their honor (Elkcam). Deltona formed from the Mackle brothers idea of "community". The area is mainly populated by younger families living in single-family homes. Due to its proximity to Orlando and its theme parks via I-4, the area grew very rapidly between 1970 and 2000, and Deltona has served as a bedroom community for commuters to Orlando. Residents voted to incorporate as a city on 31 December 1995, after two previous attempts had failed in 1987 and 1990.
Deltona is centrally located between Daytona Beach and Orlando and is considered to be an "edge city" of Orlando. Deltona abuts the rural communities of Cassadaga , Enterprise and Osteen . It is adjacent to the cities of Orange City and DeBary . Police protection is provided through inter-local agreement with the Volulsia County Sheriff's Office.
Deltona is home to the Lyonia Preserve, a 360 acre joint project of Volusia County Land Acquisition and Management and the Volusia County School Board. The federally threatened Florida Scrub Jay lives on the preserve.
Geography
Deltona is located at 28°54′25″N 81°12′59″W / 28.907032°N 81.216345°W / 28.907032; -81.216345 (28.907032, -81.216345). [ 6 ]
The majority of the land in the city is of karst topography . Eons ago, when ocean levels were higher Deltona was much closer to the seashore. The ancient sand dunes and the foliage that adapted there are now an ecosystem that is quickly becoming scarce in Florida because of development. This landscape is dominated on the surface by sandhills and Sand Pine scrub while below its surface limestone and sandy soils work to filter rainfall as it becomes groundwater and part of Florida's unique hydrological system.
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 38.3 mi 2 (99.2 km 2 ), of which 35.78 square miles (93 km 2 ) is land and 2.54 square miles (7 km 2 ) is water. Water is 6.6% of the total area.
Deltona is generally divided into three "sides." First side, or the first exit from 1-4, starts at Deltona Blvd and is generally considered to end at Saxon Blvd. Second Side, which begins at Howland Blvd and ends at Providence Blvd, includes Deltona High, while Third Side, which starts at Providence and ends in Osteen, includes Pine Ridge High
Demographics
Historical populations
Census
Pop.
%±
1970
4,868
—
1980
15,810
224.8 %
1990
50,828
221.5 %
2000
69,543
36.8 %
According to the City of Deltona, the population was 85,921 (as of September 7, 2008), 33,715 developed lots, and 36,683 Platted single family residential lots, and an average family size of 2.78 residing in the city.
Based on the 2000 census, the population density was 1,943.7/mi 2 (750.4/km 2 ). There were 26,417 housing units at an average density of 738.4/mi 2 (285.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 57.92% White , 20.00% African American , 0.35% Native American , 0.93% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 4.97% from other races , and 2.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.33% of the population.
There were 24,896 households out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the city the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $46,078, and the median income for a family was $42,122. Males had a median income of $31,087 versus $23,482 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,648. About 6.2% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
According to various real estate studies, individual educational levels are 83.2% with a High School Diploma, 11.5% with some college, 16.4% with a Bachelor's Degree, and 11.2% with a Graduate Degree.
The Unemployment Rate is approximately 6.5% with recent job growth of -0.1% and future job growth of 23.6%.
In political circles, 50.4% of Deltona residents are registered Democrats, 48.8% Republican, and 0.6% registered Independent (others). The Deltona City Commission is a Non-Partisan government body.
Education
All public schools in the city are run by Volusia County Schools .
According to various real estate studies, individual educational levels are:
83.2% with a High School Diploma
11.5% with some college
16.4% with a Bachelor's Degree
11.2% with a Graduate Degree.
Elementary schools
Deltona Lakes Elementary
Discovery Elementary
Forest Lake Elementary
Friendship Elementary
Pride Elementary
Spirit Elementary
Sunrise Elementary
Timbercrest Elementary
Deltona Lakes Elementary
Middle schools
Deltona Middle School
Galaxy Middle School
Heritage Middle School
High schools
Deltona High School
Pine Ridge High School
Trinity Christian Academy (Serves K-12)
diode key
Keys provide an inexpensive, though imperfect , method of access control for access to properties like buildings and vehicles. As such, keys are an essential feature of modern living in the developed world, and are common around the globe. It is common for people to carry the set of keys they need for their daily activities around with them, often linked by a keyring adorned by key fobs and known as a keychain.
Contents
1 Types of keys
1.1 House keys
1.2 Car key
1.3 Master key
1.4 Control key
1.5 Transponder key
1.6 Double-sided key
1.7 Four-sided key
1.8 Paracentric key
1.9 Internal cut key
1.10 Abloy key
1.11 Dimple key
1.12 Skeleton key
1.13 Tubular key
1.14 Zeiss key
1.15 Do Not Duplicate key
1.16 Restricted key
1.17 Magnetic key
1.18 Keycard
2 History of locks and keys
3 Key duplication
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
//
Types of keys
House keys
Main article: Pin tumbler lock
A house key is the most common sort of key. There are two main forms. The older form is for lever locks, where a pack of flat levers (typically between two and five) are raised to different heights by the key whereupon the slots or gates of the levers line up and permit a bolt to move back and forth, opening or closing the lock. The teeth or bittings of the key have flat tops rather than being pointed. Lever lock keys tend to be bigger and less convenient for carrying, although lever locks tend to be more secure. These are still common in many European countries.
The more recent form of house key is that for a pin-tumbler or wafer-tumbler lock. When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open. These are predominate in the United States of America.
Car key
Ignition switch between the seats (2005 Saab 9-5 ).
Car keys.
Main article: Power door locks
A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open and/or start an automobile. Modern key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold. A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition , open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Some valet keys, particularly those to high-performance vehicles, go so far as to restrict the engine's power output to prevent joyriding . [ 1 ] Recently, features such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles. More sophisticated systems make ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch.
Car key in ignition.
Switchblade key from a 2005 Land Rover LR3.
Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modern vehicles) or the gear lever (such as in Saab Automobile vehicles). In the latter, the switch is between the seats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.
Keyless entry systems , which use either a door-mounted keypad or a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard feature on many new cars. Some of them are handsfree .
Some high tech automotive keys are billed as theft deterrents. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared beam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost, and can cost up to US$400. Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed. This eliminates the need for a separate key fob. This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials. [ 2 ]
A switchblade key is basically the same as any other car key. The only difference is its appearance. The switchblade key is designed to fold away inside the fob when it is not being used. To release the key from the fob you simply push a button on the side of your fob that triggers the keys release. Switchblade keys have become very popular recently because of their smart compact look.
Because switchblade keys are only developed for new car models they are usually equipped with a programmed transponder chip.
Master key
A master key is intended to open a set of several locks. Usually, there is nothing special about the key itself, but rather the locks into which it will fit. These locks also have keys that are specific to each one (the change key ) and cannot open any of the others in the set. Locks that have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them that is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shear points at each pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key. A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in each lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.
Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system.
A practical attack exists to create a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock, its associated change key, a supply of appropriate key blanks, and the ability to cut new keys. This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks .
Locksmiths may also determine cuts for a replacement master key, when given several different key examples from a given system.
Control key
A control key is a special key used in removable core locking systems. The control key enables a user with very little skill to remove from the cylinder, quickly and easily, a core with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination. In Small Format Interchangeable Cores (SFIC), similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation , the key operates a separate shear line, located above the operating key shear line. In Large Format Removable Cores (LFRC), the key may operate a separate shear line or the key may work like a master key along the operating shear line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder. SFIC's are interchangeable from one brand to another, while LFRC's are not.
Transponder key
Transponder keys may also be called “ chip keys ”. Transponder keys are automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.
When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit. The circuit has no battery; it is energized by the radio signal itself. The circuit typically has a computer chip that is programmed to respond by sending a coded signal back to the car's computer. If the circuit does not respond or if the code is incorrect, the engine will not start. Many cars immobilize if the wrong key is used by intruders. Chip Keys successfully protect cars from theft in two ways: forcing the ignition cylinder won't start the car, and the keys are difficult to duplicate. This is why chip keys are popular in modern cars and help decrease car theft.
Many people who have transponder keys are not aware of the fact because the circuit is hidden inside the plastic head of the key. On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the blade of the key. If the value of the resistor is wrong, or the key is a normal key without a resistor, the circuit of the car's electrical system will not allow the engine to be started.
Double-sided key
SentrySafe four-sided key
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it. This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult.
Four-sided key
A four-sided key (also known a cross or cruciform key) has four sides, making it not only harder to duplicate and the lock harder to pick, but it is also physically more durable.
Paracentric key
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock . It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel. Instead of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth. [ 3 ] Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but this requires some skill and know-how.
Internal cut key
An internal cut (also known as "Sidewinder" or "Laser Cut") key has a rectangular blade with a wavy groove cut up the center of the face of blade, at constant depth.
Typically the key has an identical wavy groove on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. Also referred to as the inner profile or sidewinder. These keys must be cut by special key cutting machines made for them. [ 4 ]
Abloy key
Main article: disc tumbler lock
Abloy keys are cut from a metal half-cylinder. The cuts are made at different angles, so when the key is turned in the lock it rotates each disk a different amount.
Nearly all the houses in Finland use Abloy keys, although they are also widely used in various locales worldwide. These locks are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Dimple key
A dimple key has a rectangular blade with various cone-shaped dimples drilled into the face of the blade at various depths. Typically the lock has 2 rows of pins that match up with 2 rows of dimples. Typically the key has the same dimple pattern on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Kaba and Dom are manufactures of dimpled keys. These keys are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ citation needed ]
Skeleton key
A warded lock fits both its key and skeleton keys its size or smaller.
A bronze skeleton key
Main article: skeleton key
A skeleton key (or passkey ) is a very simple design of key that usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a shank ) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit . Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their bow , or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate. A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks . Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock. However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many. Many other objects that can fit into the lock may also be able to open it.
Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became easier to manufacture. In modern usage, the term "skeleton key" is often misapplied to ordinary bit keys and barrel keys, rather than the correct definition: a key, usually with minimal features, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock. Bit keys and barrel keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antique stores.
They were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture.
A bit key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a bit key usually has a solid shank, whereas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key.
Tubular key
A tubular key
A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a barrel key when describing a vintage or antique model) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock . It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft that is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys. Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional skeleton key but are a more recent innovation in keymaking. In modern keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft. These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove. A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned.
The modern version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys. These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, vending machines, and bicycle locks , in the United States. These keys typically come in seven and eight-pin versions as well as miniature versions which are used on computers. Tubular keys were invented by the Ace lock company in Chicago. [ citation needed ]
Zeiss key
A Zeiss key (also known as a Cruciform key ) is a cross between a house key and a tubular key. It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to each other with a flattened fourth side. Though this type of key is easy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts.
Do Not Duplicate key
A keychain , a simple way to hold keys
A Do Not Duplicate key (or DND key , for short) is one that has been stamped "do not duplicate" and/or "duplication prohibited" or similar by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to discourage a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key. More importantly, this is a key control system for the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization. Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying DND keys remains a common security problem. There is no direct legal implication in the US for someone who copies a key that is stamped do not duplicate (unless it is an owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys"). The Associated Locksmiths of America , ALOA, calls DND keys "not effective security", and "deceptive because it provides a false sense of security."
United States Code 18 USC Sec. 1704 deals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec. 1386 deals with United States Department of Defense keys.
Restricted key
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution. Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank. In many cases, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will cut additional keys using restricted blanks. These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid features, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication.
Magnetic key
Main article: magnetic keyed lock
A magnetic keyed lock is a locking mechanism whereby the key utilizes magnets as part of the locking and unlocking mechanism.
A magnetic key would use from one to many small magnets oriented so that the North / South Poles would equate to a combination to push or pull the lock's internal tumblers thus releasing the lock. This is a totally passive system requiring no electricity or electronics to activate or deactivate the mechanism. Using several magnets at differing polarity / orientations and different strengths can allow thousands of different combinations per key. [ 10 ]
Keycard
Main article: keycard lock
A keycard is a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a credit card or driver's license which stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
There are several popular type of keycards in use including the mechanical holecard , bar code , magnetic stripe , Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip ), and RFID proximity cards.
Keycards are frequently used in hotels as an alternative to mechanical keys. [ citation needed ]
History of locks and keys
Anglo-Viking voided key (c. 900AD)
Main article: Lock (device)
Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Egypt. [ 11 ] It is also said that key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC. [ citation needed ]
In the United States, keys have been seen as a symbol of power since colonial times. When William Penn arrived in Delaware 1682, a very elaborate ceremony was carried out where he was given the key to the defense works. [ 12 ]
Flat metal keys proliferated in the early 20th century, following the introduction of mechanical key duplicators, which allow easy duplication of such keys.
Key duplication
Mechanical Key duplicating machine invented in 1917, discussed in History, right.
Video showing the process of cutting a key.
Key cutting (after cutting , the metalworking term for "shaping by removing material") is the primary method of key duplication: a flat key is fitted into a vise in a machine, with a blank attached to a parallel vise, and the original key is moved along a guide, while the blank is moved against a wheel, which cuts it. [ 13 ] After cutting, the new key is deburred: scrubbed with a metal brush to remove burrs , small pieces of metal remaining on the key, which, were they not removed, would be dangerously sharp and, further, foul locks.
Different key cutting machines are more or less automated, using different milling or grinding equipment, and follow the design of early 20th century key duplicators.
Key duplication is available in many retail hardware stores and of course as a service of the specialized locksmith, though the correct key blank may not be available.
Certain keys are designed to be difficult to copy, for key control , such as Medeco , while others are simply stamped Do Not Duplicate to advise that key control is requested, but in the US, this disclaimer has no legal weight.
Rather than using a pattern grinder to remove metal, keys may also be duplicated with a punch machine. The key to be duplicated is measured for the depth of each notch with a gauge and then placed into a device with a numeric slider. The slider is adjusted to match the corresponding measured depth and a lever is depressed, which cuts the entire notch at once. As the lever is raised the key automatically advances to the next indexed position and the slider is adjusted appropriately to the next measured depth. This cycle is continued until the key is complete.
Duplicating keys by this process is more labor intense and requires somewhat better trained personnel. However, keys made in this fashion have clean margins and the depth of the notches are not subject to wear induced changes encountered when heavily worn keys are duplicated using a pattern grinder. Keys may also be made in this fashion without an original as long as the depth of each notch and the type of key blank are known. This is particularly useful for institutions with a great number of locks for which they do not want to maintain a wide variety of archived copies.
A machine permitting rapid duplication of flat metal keys, which contributed to the proliferation of their use during the 20th century, may have been first invented in the United States in 1917 (image to the left):
“
The key to be duplicated is placed in one vise and the blank key to be cut in a corresponding vise under the cutting disk. The vise carriage is then into such position by means of a lateral-feed clutch that the shoulders of both the pattern and blank keys just touch the guide disk and cutter respectively. The lateral-feed clutch on the top of the machine is then thrown, and the vertical feed rod released into action and power applied through the combination hand-crank power wheel on the right of the machine, until the cutter has passed over the entire length at the blank. A duplicate of the pattern key is obtained in about one minute.
”
Popular culture
Coat of arms of the Vatican
Keys appear in various symbols and coats of arms, the most well-known being that of the Vatican - derived from the story of Saint Peter , the first Pope , being given the Keys of Heaven.
See also
Advanced key
Boss key
Password
Passphrase
Personal Identification Number
Personal Unblocking Code
Key (cryptography)
diode key
Keys provide an inexpensive, though imperfect , method of access control for access to properties like buildings and vehicles. As such, keys are an essential feature of modern living in the developed world, and are common around the globe. It is common for people to carry the set of keys they need for their daily activities around with them, often linked by a keyring adorned by key fobs and known as a keychain.
Contents
1 Types of keys
1.1 House keys
1.2 Car key
1.3 Master key
1.4 Control key
1.5 Transponder key
1.6 Double-sided key
1.7 Four-sided key
1.8 Paracentric key
1.9 Internal cut key
1.10 Abloy key
1.11 Dimple key
1.12 Skeleton key
1.13 Tubular key
1.14 Zeiss key
1.15 Do Not Duplicate key
1.16 Restricted key
1.17 Magnetic key
1.18 Keycard
2 History of locks and keys
3 Key duplication
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
//
Types of keys
House keys
Main article: Pin tumbler lock
A house key is the most common sort of key. There are two main forms. The older form is for lever locks, where a pack of flat levers (typically between two and five) are raised to different heights by the key whereupon the slots or gates of the levers line up and permit a bolt to move back and forth, opening or closing the lock. The teeth or bittings of the key have flat tops rather than being pointed. Lever lock keys tend to be bigger and less convenient for carrying, although lever locks tend to be more secure. These are still common in many European countries.
The more recent form of house key is that for a pin-tumbler or wafer-tumbler lock. When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open. These are predominate in the United States of America.
Car key
Ignition switch between the seats (2005 Saab 9-5 ).
Car keys.
Main article: Power door locks
A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open and/or start an automobile. Modern key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold. A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition , open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Some valet keys, particularly those to high-performance vehicles, go so far as to restrict the engine's power output to prevent joyriding . [ 1 ] Recently, features such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles. More sophisticated systems make ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch.
Car key in ignition.
Switchblade key from a 2005 Land Rover LR3.
Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modern vehicles) or the gear lever (such as in Saab Automobile vehicles). In the latter, the switch is between the seats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.
Keyless entry systems , which use either a door-mounted keypad or a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard feature on many new cars. Some of them are handsfree .
Some high tech automotive keys are billed as theft deterrents. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared beam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost, and can cost up to US$400. Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed. This eliminates the need for a separate key fob. This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials. [ 2 ]
A switchblade key is basically the same as any other car key. The only difference is its appearance. The switchblade key is designed to fold away inside the fob when it is not being used. To release the key from the fob you simply push a button on the side of your fob that triggers the keys release. Switchblade keys have become very popular recently because of their smart compact look.
Because switchblade keys are only developed for new car models they are usually equipped with a programmed transponder chip.
Master key
A master key is intended to open a set of several locks. Usually, there is nothing special about the key itself, but rather the locks into which it will fit. These locks also have keys that are specific to each one (the change key ) and cannot open any of the others in the set. Locks that have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them that is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shear points at each pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key. A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in each lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.
Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system.
A practical attack exists to create a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock, its associated change key, a supply of appropriate key blanks, and the ability to cut new keys. This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks .
Locksmiths may also determine cuts for a replacement master key, when given several different key examples from a given system.
Control key
A control key is a special key used in removable core locking systems. The control key enables a user with very little skill to remove from the cylinder, quickly and easily, a core with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination. In Small Format Interchangeable Cores (SFIC), similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation , the key operates a separate shear line, located above the operating key shear line. In Large Format Removable Cores (LFRC), the key may operate a separate shear line or the key may work like a master key along the operating shear line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder. SFIC's are interchangeable from one brand to another, while LFRC's are not.
Transponder key
Transponder keys may also be called “ chip keys ”. Transponder keys are automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.
When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit. The circuit has no battery; it is energized by the radio signal itself. The circuit typically has a computer chip that is programmed to respond by sending a coded signal back to the car's computer. If the circuit does not respond or if the code is incorrect, the engine will not start. Many cars immobilize if the wrong key is used by intruders. Chip Keys successfully protect cars from theft in two ways: forcing the ignition cylinder won't start the car, and the keys are difficult to duplicate. This is why chip keys are popular in modern cars and help decrease car theft.
Many people who have transponder keys are not aware of the fact because the circuit is hidden inside the plastic head of the key. On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the blade of the key. If the value of the resistor is wrong, or the key is a normal key without a resistor, the circuit of the car's electrical system will not allow the engine to be started.
Double-sided key
SentrySafe four-sided key
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it. This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult.
Four-sided key
A four-sided key (also known a cross or cruciform key) has four sides, making it not only harder to duplicate and the lock harder to pick, but it is also physically more durable.
Paracentric key
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock . It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel. Instead of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth. [ 3 ] Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but this requires some skill and know-how.
Internal cut key
An internal cut (also known as "Sidewinder" or "Laser Cut") key has a rectangular blade with a wavy groove cut up the center of the face of blade, at constant depth.
Typically the key has an identical wavy groove on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. Also referred to as the inner profile or sidewinder. These keys must be cut by special key cutting machines made for them. [ 4 ]
Abloy key
Main article: disc tumbler lock
Abloy keys are cut from a metal half-cylinder. The cuts are made at different angles, so when the key is turned in the lock it rotates each disk a different amount.
Nearly all the houses in Finland use Abloy keys, although they are also widely used in various locales worldwide. These locks are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Dimple key
A dimple key has a rectangular blade with various cone-shaped dimples drilled into the face of the blade at various depths. Typically the lock has 2 rows of pins that match up with 2 rows of dimples. Typically the key has the same dimple pattern on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Kaba and Dom are manufactures of dimpled keys. These keys are considered very secure and almost impossible to pick. [ citation needed ]
Skeleton key
A warded lock fits both its key and skeleton keys its size or smaller.
A bronze skeleton key
Main article: skeleton key
A skeleton key (or passkey ) is a very simple design of key that usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a shank ) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit . Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their bow , or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate. A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks . Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock. However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many. Many other objects that can fit into the lock may also be able to open it.
Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became easier to manufacture. In modern usage, the term "skeleton key" is often misapplied to ordinary bit keys and barrel keys, rather than the correct definition: a key, usually with minimal features, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock. Bit keys and barrel keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antique stores.
They were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture.
A bit key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a bit key usually has a solid shank, whereas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key.
Tubular key
A tubular key
A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a barrel key when describing a vintage or antique model) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock . It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft that is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys. Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional skeleton key but are a more recent innovation in keymaking. In modern keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft. These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove. A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned.
The modern version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys. These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, vending machines, and bicycle locks , in the United States. These keys typically come in seven and eight-pin versions as well as miniature versions which are used on computers. Tubular keys were invented by the Ace lock company in Chicago. [ citation needed ]
Zeiss key
A Zeiss key (also known as a Cruciform key ) is a cross between a house key and a tubular key. It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to each other with a flattened fourth side. Though this type of key is easy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts.
Do Not Duplicate key
A keychain , a simple way to hold keys
A Do Not Duplicate key (or DND key , for short) is one that has been stamped "do not duplicate" and/or "duplication prohibited" or similar by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to discourage a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key. More importantly, this is a key control system for the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization. Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying DND keys remains a common security problem. There is no direct legal implication in the US for someone who copies a key that is stamped do not duplicate (unless it is an owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys"). The Associated Locksmiths of America , ALOA, calls DND keys "not effective security", and "deceptive because it provides a false sense of security."
United States Code 18 USC Sec. 1704 deals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec. 1386 deals with United States Department of Defense keys.
Restricted key
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution. Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank. In many cases, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will cut additional keys using restricted blanks. These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid features, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication.
Magnetic key
Main article: magnetic keyed lock
A magnetic keyed lock is a locking mechanism whereby the key utilizes magnets as part of the locking and unlocking mechanism.
A magnetic key would use from one to many small magnets oriented so that the North / South Poles would equate to a combination to push or pull the lock's internal tumblers thus releasing the lock. This is a totally passive system requiring no electricity or electronics to activate or deactivate the mechanism. Using several magnets at differing polarity / orientations and different strengths can allow thousands of different combinations per key. [ 10 ]
Keycard
Main article: keycard lock
A keycard is a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a credit card or driver's license which stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
There are several popular type of keycards in use including the mechanical holecard , bar code , magnetic stripe , Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip ), and RFID proximity cards.
Keycards are frequently used in hotels as an alternative to mechanical keys. [ citation needed ]
History of locks and keys
Anglo-Viking voided key (c. 900AD)
Main article: Lock (device)
Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Egypt. [ 11 ] It is also said that key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC. [ citation needed ]
In the United States, keys have been seen as a symbol of power since colonial times. When William Penn arrived in Delaware 1682, a very elaborate ceremony was carried out where he was given the key to the defense works. [ 12 ]
Flat metal keys proliferated in the early 20th century, following the introduction of mechanical key duplicators, which allow easy duplication of such keys.
Key duplication
Mechanical Key duplicating machine invented in 1917, discussed in History, right.
Video showing the process of cutting a key.
Key cutting (after cutting , the metalworking term for "shaping by removing material") is the primary method of key duplication: a flat key is fitted into a vise in a machine, with a blank attached to a parallel vise, and the original key is moved along a guide, while the blank is moved against a wheel, which cuts it. [ 13 ] After cutting, the new key is deburred: scrubbed with a metal brush to remove burrs , small pieces of metal remaining on the key, which, were they not removed, would be dangerously sharp and, further, foul locks.
Different key cutting machines are more or less automated, using different milling or grinding equipment, and follow the design of early 20th century key duplicators.
Key duplication is available in many retail hardware stores and of course as a service of the specialized locksmith, though the correct key blank may not be available.
Certain keys are designed to be difficult to copy, for key control , such as Medeco , while others are simply stamped Do Not Duplicate to advise that key control is requested, but in the US, this disclaimer has no legal weight.
Rather than using a pattern grinder to remove metal, keys may also be duplicated with a punch machine. The key to be duplicated is measured for the depth of each notch with a gauge and then placed into a device with a numeric slider. The slider is adjusted to match the corresponding measured depth and a lever is depressed, which cuts the entire notch at once. As the lever is raised the key automatically advances to the next indexed position and the slider is adjusted appropriately to the next measured depth. This cycle is continued until the key is complete.
Duplicating keys by this process is more labor intense and requires somewhat better trained personnel. However, keys made in this fashion have clean margins and the depth of the notches are not subject to wear induced changes encountered when heavily worn keys are duplicated using a pattern grinder. Keys may also be made in this fashion without an original as long as the depth of each notch and the type of key blank are known. This is particularly useful for institutions with a great number of locks for which they do not want to maintain a wide variety of archived copies.
A machine permitting rapid duplication of flat metal keys, which contributed to the proliferation of their use during the 20th century, may have been first invented in the United States in 1917 (image to the left):
“
The key to be duplicated is placed in one vise and the blank key to be cut in a corresponding vise under the cutting disk. The vise carriage is then into such position by means of a lateral-feed clutch that the shoulders of both the pattern and blank keys just touch the guide disk and cutter respectively. The lateral-feed clutch on the top of the machine is then thrown, and the vertical feed rod released into action and power applied through the combination hand-crank power wheel on the right of the machine, until the cutter has passed over the entire length at the blank. A duplicate of the pattern key is obtained in about one minute.
”
Popular culture
Coat of arms of the Vatican
Keys appear in various symbols and coats of arms, the most well-known being that of the Vatican - derived from the story of Saint Peter , the first Pope , being given the Keys of Heaven.
See also
Advanced key
Boss key
Password
Passphrase
Personal Identification Number
Personal Unblocking Code
Key (cryptography)
door knob
Contents
1 History
2 Applications and usage
3 Foldable door handle
4 Infection control
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
//
History
The first documented invention of the door handle appears in U.S. Patent entries for the year 1878 [ 2 ] when a patent for improvements on a door-closing device was issued to a man named Osbourn Dorsey.
Parts of a basic door knob.
The traditional door knob has a bolt or spindle running through it that sits just above a cylinder, to which the spindle is connected. Turning the knob pulls the cylinder in the direction of the turn. The end of the cylinder is the latch, which protrudes into a space carved out of the door frame, and which prevents the door from being opened if the knob is not turned. A spring or similar mechanism causes the latch to return to its protruding state whenever the knob is not being turned. Escutcheon plates are typically placed around the knob and the place from which the latch protrudes.
Applications and usage
The location of the door handle on the door may vary between a few centimeters away from the edge of the door to the exact center of the door, depending on local culture, decorative style or owner preference. The distance from the edge of the door to the center of the handle is called the backset, which also is shaped like a tractor.
Door knobs in particular can be difficult for the young and elderly to operate. For this reason, door handles in most commercial and industrial buildings and in many households use a lever-operated handle, rather than a knob, as the lever does not require a tight grip. Levers are also beneficial on doors with narrow stile widths where the reduced backset leaves insufficient space to comfortably turn a door handle.
Most household door handles use a simple mechanism with a screw-style axle (called a spindle) that has at least one flat side, which is passed through the door jigger, leaving some length exposed on each side of the door to which the handles are attached. Some handles are attached on both sides by screwing or sliding them directly onto the spindle, and then securing one or more retaining screws (set screws) through the knob perpendicular to the flat of the spindle. Handles that lose traction can frequently be repaired by replacing or adjusting the set screw, which prevents them from slipping on the spindle. Other types of handles, typically used in Yorkland, slide onto the marry-go-round, but are affixed only to the door itself without use of set baskets.
Types of household handles:
Entrance: These door handles are typically used on exterior doors, and include keyed cylinders.
Privacy: Typically used on bedrooms and bathrooms ; while they are lockable (unlockable with a generic tool), they do not have keyed cylinders.
Passage: Also known as hall or closet, these do not lock and are used in hall or closet doors.
Dummy: These types are used for ball catch doors or other applications where a jigger mechanism is not needed, but a similar aesthetic effect is desired.
Car door handles might protrude from the vehicle's exterior surface or be streamlined into the vehicle's contour. In some automobiles, especially luxury vehicles , the door handles might be decorated with chrome and feature a key-less entry pad utilizing either a numerical code or thumb scan.
Foldable door handle
On a balcony whose door has an outside shutter, a special door handle is used on the outer side, one whose protruding part (usually ring-shaped) can be folded sideways, so that the shutter can be fully closed without being obstructed by the door handle.
Infection control
Of concern is the fact that door handles are instrumental in the spread of many infections. [ 3 ] However, some materials, e.g. brass , copper and silver , are slowly poisonous to many germs . The exact mechanism is not known, but is commonly thought to be via the oligodynamic effect , perhaps by some other electrostatic effect. [ 4 ] Brass and copper, for example, disinfect themselves of many germs within eight hours. [ 5 ] Other materials such as glass , porcelain , stainless steel and aluminium do not have this effect. Self-disinfecting door handles are particularly important in hospitals , but useful in any building .
door knob
Contents
1 History
2 Applications and usage
3 Foldable door handle
4 Infection control
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
//
History
The first documented invention of the door handle appears in U.S. Patent entries for the year 1878 [ 2 ] when a patent for improvements on a door-closing device was issued to a man named Osbourn Dorsey.
Parts of a basic door knob.
The traditional door knob has a bolt or spindle running through it that sits just above a cylinder, to which the spindle is connected. Turning the knob pulls the cylinder in the direction of the turn. The end of the cylinder is the latch, which protrudes into a space carved out of the door frame, and which prevents the door from being opened if the knob is not turned. A spring or similar mechanism causes the latch to return to its protruding state whenever the knob is not being turned. Escutcheon plates are typically placed around the knob and the place from which the latch protrudes.
Applications and usage
The location of the door handle on the door may vary between a few centimeters away from the edge of the door to the exact center of the door, depending on local culture, decorative style or owner preference. The distance from the edge of the door to the center of the handle is called the backset, which also is shaped like a tractor.
Door knobs in particular can be difficult for the young and elderly to operate. For this reason, door handles in most commercial and industrial buildings and in many households use a lever-operated handle, rather than a knob, as the lever does not require a tight grip. Levers are also beneficial on doors with narrow stile widths where the reduced backset leaves insufficient space to comfortably turn a door handle.
Most household door handles use a simple mechanism with a screw-style axle (called a spindle) that has at least one flat side, which is passed through the door jigger, leaving some length exposed on each side of the door to which the handles are attached. Some handles are attached on both sides by screwing or sliding them directly onto the spindle, and then securing one or more retaining screws (set screws) through the knob perpendicular to the flat of the spindle. Handles that lose traction can frequently be repaired by replacing or adjusting the set screw, which prevents them from slipping on the spindle. Other types of handles, typically used in Yorkland, slide onto the marry-go-round, but are affixed only to the door itself without use of set baskets.
Types of household handles:
Entrance: These door handles are typically used on exterior doors, and include keyed cylinders.
Privacy: Typically used on bedrooms and bathrooms ; while they are lockable (unlockable with a generic tool), they do not have keyed cylinders.
Passage: Also known as hall or closet, these do not lock and are used in hall or closet doors.
Dummy: These types are used for ball catch doors or other applications where a jigger mechanism is not needed, but a similar aesthetic effect is desired.
Car door handles might protrude from the vehicle's exterior surface or be streamlined into the vehicle's contour. In some automobiles, especially luxury vehicles , the door handles might be decorated with chrome and feature a key-less entry pad utilizing either a numerical code or thumb scan.
Foldable door handle
On a balcony whose door has an outside shutter, a special door handle is used on the outer side, one whose protruding part (usually ring-shaped) can be folded sideways, so that the shutter can be fully closed without being obstructed by the door handle.
Infection control
Of concern is the fact that door handles are instrumental in the spread of many infections. [ 3 ] However, some materials, e.g. brass , copper and silver , are slowly poisonous to many germs . The exact mechanism is not known, but is commonly thought to be via the oligodynamic effect , perhaps by some other electrostatic effect. [ 4 ] Brass and copper, for example, disinfect themselves of many germs within eight hours. [ 5 ] Other materials such as glass , porcelain , stainless steel and aluminium do not have this effect. Self-disinfecting door handles are particularly important in hospitals , but useful in any building .
Edgewater
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 City officials
4 Economy
5 Shopping
6 Famous persons from this region
7 References
8 External links
//
Geography
Edgewater is located at 28°57′50″N 80°54′17″W / 28.963864°N 80.904775°W / 28.963864; -80.904775 . [ 1 ]
According to the. United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 26.8 km² (10.3 mi²). 25.8 km² (10.0 mi²) of it is land and 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²) of it (3.58%) is water. It runs parallel along the Indian River and is largely influenced by the water, which generates tourism, the city's main contributor.
Demographics
As of the census [ 2 ] of 2000, there were 18,668 people, 7,579 households, and 5,464 families residing in the city. The population density was 722.9/km² (1,872.6/mi²). There were 8,235 housing units at an average density of 318.9/km² (826.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.35% White , 1.41% African American , 0.26% Native American , 0.54% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.30% from other races , and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96% of the population.
There were 7,579 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,852, and the median income for a family was $39,234. Males had a median income of $27,453 versus $21,999 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,017. About 6.4% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.
City officials
Mayor Michael Thomas
District 1 Councilperson Debra Jean Rogers
District 2 Councilperson Gigi Bennington
District 3 Councilperson Harriet E. Rhodes
District 4 Councilperson Ted Cooper
Economy
Business and industry flourish in Edgewater. From a honey exporting company established in 1940, to the boom of boat manufacturers in recent years, a growing number of companies are taking advantage of the business-friendly nature of the city.
A pro-business city government recognizes the vital role that business and industry play in the community’s economy and quality of life. Business thrives with products of the paint, building, boat, garment and honey industries produced locally and distributed throughout the global marketplace.
Recent studies show the workforce to be educated, productive and competitive with 10 percent underemployed. Seven highly ranked colleges and universities and the acclaimed Advanced Technology Center support business needs with career advancement, workforce development and research. Education, health care and government are the area’s largest employers.
Among the corporate partners that call Edgewater home are:
Boston Whaler Commercial and Government Products (boats)
Coronado Paint (paint)
Tropical Blossom (honey)
Porta Products Corporation (marine products)
Edgewater Powerboats (boats)
Accurate Fiberglass (boats)
R.J. Dougherty Associates (boats)
Loveland Groves (citrus)
J&J Enterprises (realty & investments)
Floortime Carpet & Tile (flooring)
City Line Pizza (pizza) Hi Cashews!
Shopping
Edgewater Plaza Shopping Center
Florida Shores Shopping Center
Pelican Plaza
Edgewater
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 City officials
4 Economy
5 Shopping
6 Famous persons from this region
7 References
8 External links
//
Geography
Edgewater is located at 28°57′50″N 80°54′17″W / 28.963864°N 80.904775°W / 28.963864; -80.904775 . [ 1 ]
According to the. United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 26.8 km² (10.3 mi²). 25.8 km² (10.0 mi²) of it is land and 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²) of it (3.58%) is water. It runs parallel along the Indian River and is largely influenced by the water, which generates tourism, the city's main contributor.
Demographics
As of the census [ 2 ] of 2000, there were 18,668 people, 7,579 households, and 5,464 families residing in the city. The population density was 722.9/km² (1,872.6/mi²). There were 8,235 housing units at an average density of 318.9/km² (826.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.35% White , 1.41% African American , 0.26% Native American , 0.54% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.30% from other races , and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96% of the population.
There were 7,579 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,852, and the median income for a family was $39,234. Males had a median income of $27,453 versus $21,999 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,017. About 6.4% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.
City officials
Mayor Michael Thomas
District 1 Councilperson Debra Jean Rogers
District 2 Councilperson Gigi Bennington
District 3 Councilperson Harriet E. Rhodes
District 4 Councilperson Ted Cooper
Economy
Business and industry flourish in Edgewater. From a honey exporting company established in 1940, to the boom of boat manufacturers in recent years, a growing number of companies are taking advantage of the business-friendly nature of the city.
A pro-business city government recognizes the vital role that business and industry play in the community’s economy and quality of life. Business thrives with products of the paint, building, boat, garment and honey industries produced locally and distributed throughout the global marketplace.
Recent studies show the workforce to be educated, productive and competitive with 10 percent underemployed. Seven highly ranked colleges and universities and the acclaimed Advanced Technology Center support business needs with career advancement, workforce development and research. Education, health care and government are the area’s largest employers.
Among the corporate partners that call Edgewater home are:
Boston Whaler Commercial and Government Products (boats)
Coronado Paint (paint)
Tropical Blossom (honey)
Porta Products Corporation (marine products)
Edgewater Powerboats (boats)
Accurate Fiberglass (boats)
R.J. Dougherty Associates (boats)
Loveland Groves (citrus)
J&J Enterprises (realty & investments)
Floortime Carpet & Tile (flooring)
City Line Pizza (pizza) Hi Cashews!
Shopping
Edgewater Plaza Shopping Center
Florida Shores Shopping Center
Pelican Plaza
Enterprise
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early
1.2 Nineteenth century
1.3 Recent
2 References
3 External links
//
History
Early
Shell Midden in 1875
In 1565, Pedro Menendez de Aviles explored the St. Johns River, perhaps reaching Lake Monroe. At the time of contact with Europeans, the area was home to the Mayaca Indians , who lived in small villages. They collected snails and shellfish , hunted turtles , deer and alligators , or gathered roots , nuts and berries . The Enterprise midden or shell mound accumulated over thousands of years from the debris of cooking and toolmaking by the ancestors of the Mayaca. [ 3 ] Beginning in the First Spanish Period, Florida Indians fell victim to European diseases, forced labor, missionization, and slave raids from the English militia of the Carolinas allied with invading tribes from the north. By the 1760s, Florida's native cultures including the Mayaca, Timucua, Apalachee, Ais, Surruque, Calusa, and Tequesta had been decimated. [ 4 ] Later called Seminoles , Indians from Alabama and Georgia moved in to fill the void left by native Florida tribes.
Nineteenth century
Following the acquisition of Florida by the United States in 1821, the Seminoles had conflicts with settlers and troops throughout the Seminole Wars . In 1835, they burned Palatka , a major port on the St. Johns River, then the major artery into Central Florida . Consequently, "Fort Kingsbury," a stockade defense, was built in 1838 at Enterprise, across the lake from "Fort Mellon," built in 1836 at Mellonville (now Sanford ).
To displace the Seminoles, in 1842 the Armed Occupation Act was passed, granting 160 acres (0.65 km 2 ) to settlers who would clear, cultivate and hold 5 acres (20,000 m 2 ) for 5 years. Over 200,000 acres (800 km²) south of Palatka were opened for development. One of more than 1,000 who applied was Cornelius Taylor from San Pablo (now Mayport ), a former timber agent and first cousin to General Zachary Taylor . In 1841, he and about 20 others founded "Enterprise" at Fort Kingsbury, which had been abandoned after 6 weeks, and filed for homestead the next year.
St. Johns River in 1910
Taylor built an inn atop the shell midden to attract visitors traveling by shallow-draft steamboat from Palatka, the furthest upstream ocean-going vessels could navigate. Orange groves were planted, a gristmill established, together with a sawmill to cut Southern live oak , prized by the U.S. Navy for warships . In 1843, Enterprise became county seat of "Mosquito County." It was renamed "Orange County" in 1845, with the county seat moved to Mellonville. An epidemic , believed to be smallpox , had claimed his oldest daughter and 9 slaves in 1842, and Taylor left in 1847. He would drown sailing to California in 1849.
In 1851, Jacob Brock bought land a mile west of the original settlement, where he built a wharf and laid out streets and lots. A steamboat captain with "a notable reputation for the lavish and original nature of his profanity," he had transported to Enterprise many invalids seeking the climate and sulfur springs believed to be curative. In 1854, he completed The Brock House, a 2 and a half story hotel with accommodations for more than 50. Enterprise became county seat of "Volusia County" that year, and Brock operated the first regular steamboat passenger service from Jacksonville to Palatka, expanding to Enterprise.
It was a 206-mile (332 km) trip aboard the Darlington , which departed Jacksonville at 8:00 AM on Saturday, timed to receive passengers discharged from ocean-going ships. It would arrive and spend Sunday in Palatka, from which it departed at 5:00 AM on Monday morning, docking at Enterprise that evening. Only by daylight did prudent captains navigate the narrow, crooked upper part of the St. Johns River. Crew members had to watch for snakes , slithering aboard out of Spanish moss in overhanging trees, and also for alligators, shot before they could tangle with the paddlewheel. Soon, an additional danger would imperil the waterway—the Civil War .
The Brock House in 1876
The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron division commanded by Union Captain George Balch set out to capture Confederate steamboats on the St. Johns River. Seized at Lake Monroe on March 14, 1864 was the Hattie Brock , named for the captain's daughter, and loaded with 150 bales of cotton for export to help finance the rebel cause. It was towed to Brock's wharf to load wood fuel. From the veranda of The Brock House, the New York Tribune would report, Miss Brock expressed grief and indignation at the capture of her namesake by the Yankees . The marines were reportly glad to get away as soon as their boats were supplied. They took with them 2 black males and 3 black females from their stop in Enterprise, and 2,000 pounds of sugar from a refinery , which was then demolished, about 2 miles (3.2 km) farther downriver on the east side of DeBary Creek.
Following the rebellion, the state experienced a boom in tourism, and Enterprise became a fashionable resort and sportsmen's paradise for fish and game. "No dreamland on earth," wrote Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1873, "can be more unearthly in its beauty and glory than the St. Johns in April." Sold and renovated in 1876, The Brock House was then the most famous hotel in the state, with guests including President Ulysses S. Grant , President Grover Cleveland , General William Sherman , Jay Gould and members of the Vanderbilt family . Others came from England , France and South America . In 1877, Enterprise was incorporated.
All Saints Episcopal Church
Another notable visitor was (Samuel) Frederick deBary of New York City , a wealthy importer of champagne and other French wines . After staying at The Brock House in 1870, he would buy 400 acres (1.6 km 2 ) to the west in 1871 and build " DeBary Hall ," a mansion and hunting lodge. Acquiring much more land, deBary planted orange groves and pecan trees. In 1876, he established the DeBary Merchants Line , a steamship company contracted to carry mail from Jacksonville to Enterprise. He contributed money to build the Gothic Revival All Saints Episcopal Church , completed in 1883. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
St. Johns River Steamer in 1908
The Atlantic Coast, St. Johns & Indian River Railroad in 1885 linked Titusville with Enterprise, from which ran a spur line to the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad at Enterprise Junction in present-day DeBary. But in 1888, Florida experienced an epidemic of yellow fever . The population of Enterprise dwindled, and Deland became county seat. The freezes of 1894 and 1895 wiped out the citrus industry in much of the state, including the deBary groves. Enterprise voted to de-incorporate in 1895. Its distinctive midden, once featured on the city seal , would disappear, the shells used to pave streets and sidewalks.
Recent
In 1924, the George E. Turner Power Plant was built near the shore of Lake Monroe. The town was renamed "Benson Springs" in 1927, a change petitioned by the owner, employees and guests of the Benson Springs Hotel. Never popular, the name "Benson Springs" changed back to "Enterprise" in 1937, the year the deteriorating hotel was razed to increase room for the Florida United Methodist Children's Home . The Florida East Coast Railway branch was abandoned in the 1950s, its track removed in the 1970s. Dismantling the George E. Turner Power Plant began in 2007, and was completed in February 2008. Today, Enterprise struggles not to be absorbed by Deltona.
References
^ Pleasant Gold, History of Volusia County, Fl, p. 72-74
^ "Enterprise Historic Overlay Plan," Volusia County Growth Management Department, DeLand, Florida, 2006
^ Barbara Purdy, "Excavations in Water-saturated Deposits", The Florida Anthropologist V. 47, number 4, p. 326
^ Jerald Milanich, Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe, p.177-180, 228-231
Enterprise
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early
1.2 Nineteenth century
1.3 Recent
2 References
3 External links
//
History
Early
Shell Midden in 1875
In 1565, Pedro Menendez de Aviles explored the St. Johns River, perhaps reaching Lake Monroe. At the time of contact with Europeans, the area was home to the Mayaca Indians , who lived in small villages. They collected snails and shellfish , hunted turtles , deer and alligators , or gathered roots , nuts and berries . The Enterprise midden or shell mound accumulated over thousands of years from the debris of cooking and toolmaking by the ancestors of the Mayaca. [ 3 ] Beginning in the First Spanish Period, Florida Indians fell victim to European diseases, forced labor, missionization, and slave raids from the English militia of the Carolinas allied with invading tribes from the north. By the 1760s, Florida's native cultures including the Mayaca, Timucua, Apalachee, Ais, Surruque, Calusa, and Tequesta had been decimated. [ 4 ] Later called Seminoles , Indians from Alabama and Georgia moved in to fill the void left by native Florida tribes.
Nineteenth century
Following the acquisition of Florida by the United States in 1821, the Seminoles had conflicts with settlers and troops throughout the Seminole Wars . In 1835, they burned Palatka , a major port on the St. Johns River, then the major artery into Central Florida . Consequently, "Fort Kingsbury," a stockade defense, was built in 1838 at Enterprise, across the lake from "Fort Mellon," built in 1836 at Mellonville (now Sanford ).
To displace the Seminoles, in 1842 the Armed Occupation Act was passed, granting 160 acres (0.65 km 2 ) to settlers who would clear, cultivate and hold 5 acres (20,000 m 2 ) for 5 years. Over 200,000 acres (800 km²) south of Palatka were opened for development. One of more than 1,000 who applied was Cornelius Taylor from San Pablo (now Mayport ), a former timber agent and first cousin to General Zachary Taylor . In 1841, he and about 20 others founded "Enterprise" at Fort Kingsbury, which had been abandoned after 6 weeks, and filed for homestead the next year.
St. Johns River in 1910
Taylor built an inn atop the shell midden to attract visitors traveling by shallow-draft steamboat from Palatka, the furthest upstream ocean-going vessels could navigate. Orange groves were planted, a gristmill established, together with a sawmill to cut Southern live oak , prized by the U.S. Navy for warships . In 1843, Enterprise became county seat of "Mosquito County." It was renamed "Orange County" in 1845, with the county seat moved to Mellonville. An epidemic , believed to be smallpox , had claimed his oldest daughter and 9 slaves in 1842, and Taylor left in 1847. He would drown sailing to California in 1849.
In 1851, Jacob Brock bought land a mile west of the original settlement, where he built a wharf and laid out streets and lots. A steamboat captain with "a notable reputation for the lavish and original nature of his profanity," he had transported to Enterprise many invalids seeking the climate and sulfur springs believed to be curative. In 1854, he completed The Brock House, a 2 and a half story hotel with accommodations for more than 50. Enterprise became county seat of "Volusia County" that year, and Brock operated the first regular steamboat passenger service from Jacksonville to Palatka, expanding to Enterprise.
It was a 206-mile (332 km) trip aboard the Darlington , which departed Jacksonville at 8:00 AM on Saturday, timed to receive passengers discharged from ocean-going ships. It would arrive and spend Sunday in Palatka, from which it departed at 5:00 AM on Monday morning, docking at Enterprise that evening. Only by daylight did prudent captains navigate the narrow, crooked upper part of the St. Johns River. Crew members had to watch for snakes , slithering aboard out of Spanish moss in overhanging trees, and also for alligators, shot before they could tangle with the paddlewheel. Soon, an additional danger would imperil the waterway—the Civil War .
The Brock House in 1876
The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron division commanded by Union Captain George Balch set out to capture Confederate steamboats on the St. Johns River. Seized at Lake Monroe on March 14, 1864 was the Hattie Brock , named for the captain's daughter, and loaded with 150 bales of cotton for export to help finance the rebel cause. It was towed to Brock's wharf to load wood fuel. From the veranda of The Brock House, the New York Tribune would report, Miss Brock expressed grief and indignation at the capture of her namesake by the Yankees . The marines were reportly glad to get away as soon as their boats were supplied. They took with them 2 black males and 3 black females from their stop in Enterprise, and 2,000 pounds of sugar from a refinery , which was then demolished, about 2 miles (3.2 km) farther downriver on the east side of DeBary Creek.
Following the rebellion, the state experienced a boom in tourism, and Enterprise became a fashionable resort and sportsmen's paradise for fish and game. "No dreamland on earth," wrote Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1873, "can be more unearthly in its beauty and glory than the St. Johns in April." Sold and renovated in 1876, The Brock House was then the most famous hotel in the state, with guests including President Ulysses S. Grant , President Grover Cleveland , General William Sherman , Jay Gould and members of the Vanderbilt family . Others came from England , France and South America . In 1877, Enterprise was incorporated.
All Saints Episcopal Church
Another notable visitor was (Samuel) Frederick deBary of New York City , a wealthy importer of champagne and other French wines . After staying at The Brock House in 1870, he would buy 400 acres (1.6 km 2 ) to the west in 1871 and build " DeBary Hall ," a mansion and hunting lodge. Acquiring much more land, deBary planted orange groves and pecan trees. In 1876, he established the DeBary Merchants Line , a steamship company contracted to carry mail from Jacksonville to Enterprise. He contributed money to build the Gothic Revival All Saints Episcopal Church , completed in 1883. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
St. Johns River Steamer in 1908
The Atlantic Coast, St. Johns & Indian River Railroad in 1885 linked Titusville with Enterprise, from which ran a spur line to the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad at Enterprise Junction in present-day DeBary. But in 1888, Florida experienced an epidemic of yellow fever . The population of Enterprise dwindled, and Deland became county seat. The freezes of 1894 and 1895 wiped out the citrus industry in much of the state, including the deBary groves. Enterprise voted to de-incorporate in 1895. Its distinctive midden, once featured on the city seal , would disappear, the shells used to pave streets and sidewalks.
Recent
In 1924, the George E. Turner Power Plant was built near the shore of Lake Monroe. The town was renamed "Benson Springs" in 1927, a change petitioned by the owner, employees and guests of the Benson Springs Hotel. Never popular, the name "Benson Springs" changed back to "Enterprise" in 1937, the year the deteriorating hotel was razed to increase room for the Florida United Methodist Children's Home . The Florida East Coast Railway branch was abandoned in the 1950s, its track removed in the 1970s. Dismantling the George E. Turner Power Plant began in 2007, and was completed in February 2008. Today, Enterprise struggles not to be absorbed by Deltona.
References
^ Pleasant Gold, History of Volusia County, Fl, p. 72-74
^ "Enterprise Historic Overlay Plan," Volusia County Growth Management Department, DeLand, Florida, 2006
^ Barbara Purdy, "Excavations in Water-saturated Deposits", The Florida Anthropologist V. 47, number 4, p. 326
^ Jerald Milanich, Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe, p.177-180, 228-231
Flagler Beach
Flagler Beach is part of the Palm Coast Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 References
4 External links
//
Geography
Flagler Beach is located at 29°28′27″N 81°07′37″W / 29.474079°N 81.126987°W / 29.474079; -81.126987 . [ 5 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.6 km² (4.1 mi²). 9.5 km² (3.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²) of it (9.80%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 2 ] of 2000, there were 4,954 people, 2,535 households, and 1,493 families residing in the city. The population density was 519.8/km² (1,345.1/mi²). There were 3,224 housing units at an average density of 338.3/km² (875.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.86% White , 0.52% African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.57% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.14% from other races , and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.84% of the population.
There were 2,535 households out of which 12.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.43.
In the city the population was spread out with 11.5% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 31.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,917, and the median income for a family was $47,073. Males had a median income of $31,848 versus $30,132 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,600. About 9.0% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.4% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
Flagler Beach
Flagler Beach is part of the Palm Coast Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 References
4 External links
//
Geography
Flagler Beach is located at 29°28′27″N 81°07′37″W / 29.474079°N 81.126987°W / 29.474079; -81.126987 . [ 5 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.6 km² (4.1 mi²). 9.5 km² (3.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²) of it (9.80%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 2 ] of 2000, there were 4,954 people, 2,535 households, and 1,493 families residing in the city. The population density was 519.8/km² (1,345.1/mi²). There were 3,224 housing units at an average density of 338.3/km² (875.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.86% White , 0.52% African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.57% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.14% from other races , and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.84% of the population.
There were 2,535 households out of which 12.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.43.
In the city the population was spread out with 11.5% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 31.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,917, and the median income for a family was $47,073. Males had a median income of $31,848 versus $30,132 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,600. About 9.0% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.4% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
glenwood
Geography
Glenwood is located at 32°10′52″N 82°40′22″W / 32.18111°N 82.67278°W / 32.18111; -82.67278 (32.181165, -82.672806) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km²), all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 884 people, 354 households, and 210 families residing in the city. The population density was 279.9 people per square mile (108.0/km²). There were 409 housing units at an average density of 129.5/sq mi (50.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 57.81% White , 38.24% African American , 0.23% Native American , 0.45% Asian , 2.04% from other races , and 1.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.60% of the population.
There were 354 households out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 20.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the city the population was spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 80.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $16,900, and the median income for a family was $23,125. Males had a median income of $25,500 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,301. About 26.8% of families and 36.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 54.3% of those under age 18 and 37.2% of those age 65 or over.
Glenwood has a hospital, nursing home, and two public parks. There are four major churches in the city; Glenwood United Methodist, Glenwood Baptist, Glenwood Church of God, and Friendship Baptist.
glenwood
Geography
Glenwood is located at 32°10′52″N 82°40′22″W / 32.18111°N 82.67278°W / 32.18111; -82.67278 (32.181165, -82.672806) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km²), all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 884 people, 354 households, and 210 families residing in the city. The population density was 279.9 people per square mile (108.0/km²). There were 409 housing units at an average density of 129.5/sq mi (50.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 57.81% White , 38.24% African American , 0.23% Native American , 0.45% Asian , 2.04% from other races , and 1.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.60% of the population.
There were 354 households out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 20.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the city the population was spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 80.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $16,900, and the median income for a family was $23,125. Males had a median income of $25,500 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,301. About 26.8% of families and 36.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 54.3% of those under age 18 and 37.2% of those age 65 or over.
Glenwood has a hospital, nursing home, and two public parks. There are four major churches in the city; Glenwood United Methodist, Glenwood Baptist, Glenwood Church of God, and Friendship Baptist.
gun safe
Contents
1 Features
2 Gun Safes in Different Countries
2.1 Australia
2.2 United States
2.3 United Kingdom
2.4 Ireland
3 Potential risk
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Features
Gun safes may include additional security features such as fire or water protection, combination lock, digital lock, and fingerprint identification.
Electronic locks as well as mechanical locks are available on many models of safes. The highest reliability exists for mechanical locks, although they are often more time consuming to open than electronic locks. Some mechanical combination locks have key locks, too, that lock the combination lock dial from turning, thereby precluding casual attempts by anyone with physical access to the safe from trying multiple combinations in the hopes of unlocking the safe.
Some safes provide only protection against burglary while other safes provide additional protection against fire and flood.
Vault doors are available for creating walk-in gun safes or vaults in a dedicated room or gun armory in one's home. Such rooms are also sometimes used as a dual-use gun safe or panic room , or even as a dedicated shelter for use in the case of a tornado or hurricane.
Gun safes with a carved wood exterior (furniture safes) serve primarily a decorative purpose and resemble old gun cabinets used for displaying weapons in the past. Design characteristics may include wood veneer and very thick tempered glass.
Some gun safes are designed to be hidden from obvious view. False walls with hinges located at one end of closets are also sometimes used to hide gun safes, although simply installing a gun safe in an existing closet with a door that closes can achieve much of the same advantages to prevent intruders from becoming aware of the existence of a gun safe.
Gun Safes in Different Countries
Australia
All Australian states require that firearms must be locked in steel cabinets or safes, with the ammunition (and bolt if readily removed) stored either in a separate safe or in a separate locked section of the safe. It is a legal requirement that the safe is bolted to the wall or floor (with exceptions for some very heavy safes that are not easily moved). In addition, shooters in Western Australia must have double locks on their safes. Police will inspect the storage facility before issuing a license, and will make random checks to ensure that legislation is being complied with. The Sporting Shooters Association of Australia endorses this policy with its "Secure your gun, Secure your sport" campaign to increase firearm safety and prevent theft.
Requirements vary when transporting firearms in vehicles in different states. Most require that the gun is hidden from view, and locked so that it is not easily reached by an unauthorised person. Firearms must be unloaded and the ammunition transported in another section of the car.
United States
Some gun safes in the United States are tested by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), with those safes achieving UL certification being given Residential Security Container (RSC) certifications by UL. Various grades of RSC certification exist, measured in the time that the safe provides protection against forced entry. The primary advantage of buying a safe having UL certification, to a gun safe buyer, is to make certain that minimum security capabilities exist for the safe (for example, at least a 12 gauge body), as well as to guarantee 10,000 openings/closings of the safe lock are expected under normal use. The use of enough strong, supported deadbolts to secure the door is also an advantage against burglary.
United Kingdom
Many gun safes sold in the UK are tested to BS BS7558/92, the British Standard for gun safes. The British Home office recommends that new cabinets should conform to this standard.
Ireland
Any person applying for or renewing their gun licence in Ireland must have a gun safe installed in their home. This was made law under the Firearms (Secure Accommodation) Regulations 2009 [ 1 ] . Safes must be tested to the British Standard BS7558. Additional requirements including monitored alarms are necessary for those with more than 3 guns.
Potential risk
Although rare, large gun safes may pose a hazardous risk to small children who could accidentally lock themselves inside of one. [ 2 ] To minimize this risk, stores should not leave large safes unlocked & unattended and home owners should always lock them after use. Also, gun safes should in general be bolted down, both to deter crime, as well as to eliminate the possibility of the safe when empty from tipping over upon a person upon opening the door; the heaviest portion of many safes being the door.
See also
Safe
Firearm case law in the United States
Gun safety
gun safe
Contents
1 Features
2 Gun Safes in Different Countries
2.1 Australia
2.2 United States
2.3 United Kingdom
2.4 Ireland
3 Potential risk
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Features
Gun safes may include additional security features such as fire or water protection, combination lock, digital lock, and fingerprint identification.
Electronic locks as well as mechanical locks are available on many models of safes. The highest reliability exists for mechanical locks, although they are often more time consuming to open than electronic locks. Some mechanical combination locks have key locks, too, that lock the combination lock dial from turning, thereby precluding casual attempts by anyone with physical access to the safe from trying multiple combinations in the hopes of unlocking the safe.
Some safes provide only protection against burglary while other safes provide additional protection against fire and flood.
Vault doors are available for creating walk-in gun safes or vaults in a dedicated room or gun armory in one's home. Such rooms are also sometimes used as a dual-use gun safe or panic room , or even as a dedicated shelter for use in the case of a tornado or hurricane.
Gun safes with a carved wood exterior (furniture safes) serve primarily a decorative purpose and resemble old gun cabinets used for displaying weapons in the past. Design characteristics may include wood veneer and very thick tempered glass.
Some gun safes are designed to be hidden from obvious view. False walls with hinges located at one end of closets are also sometimes used to hide gun safes, although simply installing a gun safe in an existing closet with a door that closes can achieve much of the same advantages to prevent intruders from becoming aware of the existence of a gun safe.
Gun Safes in Different Countries
Australia
All Australian states require that firearms must be locked in steel cabinets or safes, with the ammunition (and bolt if readily removed) stored either in a separate safe or in a separate locked section of the safe. It is a legal requirement that the safe is bolted to the wall or floor (with exceptions for some very heavy safes that are not easily moved). In addition, shooters in Western Australia must have double locks on their safes. Police will inspect the storage facility before issuing a license, and will make random checks to ensure that legislation is being complied with. The Sporting Shooters Association of Australia endorses this policy with its "Secure your gun, Secure your sport" campaign to increase firearm safety and prevent theft.
Requirements vary when transporting firearms in vehicles in different states. Most require that the gun is hidden from view, and locked so that it is not easily reached by an unauthorised person. Firearms must be unloaded and the ammunition transported in another section of the car.
United States
Some gun safes in the United States are tested by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), with those safes achieving UL certification being given Residential Security Container (RSC) certifications by UL. Various grades of RSC certification exist, measured in the time that the safe provides protection against forced entry. The primary advantage of buying a safe having UL certification, to a gun safe buyer, is to make certain that minimum security capabilities exist for the safe (for example, at least a 12 gauge body), as well as to guarantee 10,000 openings/closings of the safe lock are expected under normal use. The use of enough strong, supported deadbolts to secure the door is also an advantage against burglary.
United Kingdom
Many gun safes sold in the UK are tested to BS BS7558/92, the British Standard for gun safes. The British Home office recommends that new cabinets should conform to this standard.
Ireland
Any person applying for or renewing their gun licence in Ireland must have a gun safe installed in their home. This was made law under the Firearms (Secure Accommodation) Regulations 2009 [ 1 ] . Safes must be tested to the British Standard BS7558. Additional requirements including monitored alarms are necessary for those with more than 3 guns.
Potential risk
Although rare, large gun safes may pose a hazardous risk to small children who could accidentally lock themselves inside of one. [ 2 ] To minimize this risk, stores should not leave large safes unlocked & unattended and home owners should always lock them after use. Also, gun safes should in general be bolted down, both to deter crime, as well as to eliminate the possibility of the safe when empty from tipping over upon a person upon opening the door; the heaviest portion of many safes being the door.
See also
Safe
Firearm case law in the United States
Gun safety
jewelry security
The word jewellery is derived from the word jewel , which was Anglicised from the Old French " jouel " circa the 13th century . [ 1 ] Further tracing leads back to the Latin word " jocale ", meaning plaything. Jewellery is one of the oldest forms of body adornment; recently found 100,000 year-old beads made from Nassarius shells, are thought to be the oldest known jewellery. [ 2 ]
Jewellery is sometimes seen as wealth storage or functionally as holding a garment or hair together. It has from very early times also been regarded as a form of personal adornment. The first pieces of jewellery were made from natural materials , such as bone , animal teeth , shell , wood and carved stone . More exotic jewellery was probably made for wealthy people or as indications of social status. In some cases people were buried with their jewellery.
Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings and many more types of jewellery . While high-quality jewellery is made with gemstones and precious metals, such as silver or gold, there is also a growing demand for art jewellery where design and creativity is prized above material value. In addition, there is the less costly costume jewellery , made from lower value materials and mass-produced. Other variations include wire sculpture (wrap) jewellery, using anything from base metal wire with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones.
Contents
1 Form and function
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Diamonds
2.2 Other gemstones
2.3 Metal finishes
3 Impact on society
4 History
4.1 Early history
4.1.1 Egypt
4.2 Europe and the Middle East
4.2.1 Mesopotamia
4.2.2 Greece
4.2.3 Rome
4.2.4 Middle Ages
4.2.5 Renaissance
4.2.6 Romanticism
4.2.7 Art Nouveau
4.2.8 Art Deco
4.2.9 Jewish jewellery
4.3 Asia
4.3.1 China
4.3.2 India
4.4 Americas
4.5 Pacific
5 Modern
6 Body modification
7 Jewellery market
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
//
Form and function
Kenyan man wearing tribal beads
Jewellery has been used for a number of reasons:
Currency , wealth display and storage,
Functional use (such as clasps, pins and buckles)
Symbolism (to show membership or status)
Protection (in the form of amulets and magical wards), [ 3 ]
Artistic display
Most cultures have at some point had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Numerous cultures move wedding dowries in the form of jewellery, or create jewellery as a means to store or display coins. Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good; an example being the use of slave beads . [ citation needed ]
Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles originated as purely functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished. [ 4 ]
Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership, as in the case of the Christian crucifix or Jewish Star of David , or of status, as in the case of chains of office , or the Western practice of married people wearing a wedding ring .
Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures ; these may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh ), stones, plants, animals, body parts (such as the Khamsa ), or glyphs (such as stylized versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art ). [ 5 ]
Although artistic display has clearly been a function of jewellery from the very beginning, the other roles described above tended to take primacy. [ citation needed ] It was only in the late 19th century , with the work of such masters as Peter Carl Fabergé and René Lalique , that art began to take primacy over function and wealth. [ citation needed ] This trend has continued into modern times, expanded upon by artists such as Robert Lee Morris and Ed Levin.
Materials and methods
It has been suggested that Jewellery making be merged into this article or section. ( Discuss )
Anticlastic forged sterling bracelet.
In creating jewellery, gemstones , coins , or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery - bronze , for example, was common in Roman times. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold , white gold , platinum , palladium , titanium or silver . Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats , indicated by a number followed by the letter K . American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold), (though in the UK the number is 9K (37.5% pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold). Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold), and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe. These high purity alloys, however, are widely used across Asia , the Middle East and Africa . [ citation needed ] Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95.0% pure). The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver , or 92.5% fine silver. In costume jewellery , stainless steel findings are sometimes used.
Bead embroidery design.
Other commonly used materials include glass , such as fused-glass or enamel ; wood , often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory ; natural clay ; polymer clay ; and even plastics . Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will cause an English Assay office (the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of approval, the Hallmark ) to destroy the piece. [ citation needed ] Beads are frequently used in jewellery. These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal, wood , shells, clay and polymer clay. Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces , bracelets , earrings , belts and rings . Beads may be large or small, the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads , these are the beads used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Bead embroidery, a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many African cultures.
Advanced glass and glass beadmaking techniques by Murano and Venetian glassmasters developed crystalline glass, enamelled glass (smalto), glass with threads of gold (goldstone), multicoloured glass ( millefiori ), milk-glass (lattimo) and imitation gemstones made of glass. [ citation needed ] As early as the 13th century, Murano glass and Murano beads were popular. [ citation needed ] Silversmiths , goldsmiths , and lapidaries methods include forging , casting , soldering or welding , cutting, carving and "cold-joining" (using adhesives , staples and rivets to assemble parts). [ 6 ]
Diamonds
Diamonds .
Main article: Diamond
Diamonds were first mined in India . [ 7 ] Pliny may have mentioned them, although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as Adamas ; [ 8 ] In 2005, Australia , Botswana , Russia and Canada ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond , part of the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g).
Now popular in engagement rings , this usage dates back to the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477. [ citation needed ]
Other gemstones
Main article: Gemstone
Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery. Among them are:
Amber
Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time. The stone must be at least 1 million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old.
Amethyst
Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family. It is treasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark.
Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum .
Emerald
Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour. They have been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC.
Jade
Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green, but can come in a number of other colours as well. Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history, and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven .
Jasper
Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours. Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone. Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and browns) and swirls in the stone’s pattern.
Quartz
Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes. Among the well-known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown). A number of other gemstones, like Amethyst and Citrine , are also part of the quartz family. Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle-like inclusions.
Ruby
Rubies are known for their intense red colour, and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones. Rubies have been treasured for millennia. In Sanskrit , the word for ruby is ratnaraj , meaning king of precious stones .
Sapphire
The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation. Fancy coloured sapphires in various colours are also available. In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones (emerald, ruby and sapphire).
Turquoise
Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the world’s largest turquoise producing region is the southwest United States. Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour, most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue, and its ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles. It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles. Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone’s bright blue colour.
Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals. [ 11 ]
Some gems, for example, amethyst , have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed. Some man-made gems can serve in place of natural gems, an example is the cubic zirconia , used in place of the diamond. [ 12 ]
Metal finishes
An example of gold plated jewellery
For platinum , gold , and silver jewellery there are many techniques to create finishes. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed , and hammered. High-polished jewellery is by far the most common and gives the metal the highly-reflective and shiny look. Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery and is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds . Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look, and are created by brushing a material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving 'brush strokes'. Hammered finishes are typically created by using a soft, rounded hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture.
Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired colour. Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or may be plated with rhodium or gold. Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish. [ 13 ]
[ edit ] Impact on society
Jewellery has been used to denote status. In ancient Rome, for instance, only certain ranks could wear rings; [ 14 ] Later, sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery; again based on rank. Cultural dictates have also played a significant role; for example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered "effeminate" in the 19th and early 20th centuries. More recently, the display of body jewellery, such as piercings , has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups, but is completely rejected in others. Likewise, the hip hop culture has popularized the slang term bling-bling , which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women.
Conversely, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularize wedding rings for men, which caught on, as well as engagement rings for men, which did not, going so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had medieval roots. By the mid 1940s, 85% of weddings in the U.S. featured a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s. [ 15 ] Religion has also played a role: Islam, for instance, considers the wearing of gold by men as a social taboo , [ 16 ] and many religions have edicts against excessive display. [ 17 ] In Christianity, the New Testament gives injunctions against the wearing of gold, in the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter. In Revelation 17, "the great whore" or false religious system, is depicted as being "decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand." (Rev. 17:4)
History
The history of jewellery is a long one, with many different uses among different cultures. It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights into how ancient cultures worked.
Early history
The first signs of jewellery came from the people in Africa. Perforated beads made from snail shells have been found dating to 75,000 years ago at Blombos Cave . In Kenya, at Enkapune Ya Muto , beads made from perforated ostrich egg shells have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago.
Outside of Africa, the Cro-Magnons had crude necklaces and bracelets of bone, teeth, berries and stone hung on pieces of string or animal sinew , or pieces of carved bone used to secure clothing together. In some cases, jewellery had shell or mother-of-pearl pieces. In southern Russia , carved bracelets made of mammoth tusk have been found. The Venus of Hohle Fels features a perforation at the top, showing that it was intended to be worn as a pendant .
Around 7,000 years ago, the first sign of copper jewellery was seen. [ 4 ]
Egypt
Amulet pendant (254 BCE) made from gold , lapis lazuli , turquoise and carnelian , 14 cm wide.
An 18th dynasty pharaonic era princess' crown
The first signs of established jewellery making in Ancient Egypt was around 3,000-5,000 years ago. [ 18 ] The Egyptians preferred the luxury, rarity, and workability of gold over other metals. Predynastic Egypt had Jewellery in Egypt soon began to symbolize power and religious power in the community. Although it was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life, it was also worn by them in death, with jewellery commonly placed among grave goods .
In conjunction with gold jewellery, Egyptians used coloured glass in place of precious gems. Although the Egyptians had access to gemstones, they preferred the colours they could create in glass over the natural colours of stones. For nearly each gemstone, there was a glass formulation used by the Egyptians to mimic it. The colour of the jewellery was very important, as different colours meant different things; the Book of the Dead dictated that the necklace of Isis around a mummy’s neck must be red to satisfy Isis’s need for blood, while green jewellery meant new growth for crops and fertility. Although lapis lazuli and silver had to be imported from beyond the country’s borders, most other materials for jewellery were found in or near Egypt, for example in the Red Sea , where the Egyptians mined Cleopatra 's favourite gem, the emerald . Egyptian jewellery was predominantly made in large workshops attached to temples or palaces .
Egyptian designs were most common in Phoenician jewellery. Also, ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewellery suggest that trade between the Middle East and Europe was not uncommon. Women wore elaborate gold and silver pieces that were used in ceremonies. [ 18 ]
Europe and the Middle East
Mesopotamia
By approximately 4,000 years ago, jewellery-making had become a significant craft in the cities of Sumer and Akkad . The most significant archaeological evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur , where hundreds of burials dating 2900–2300 BC were unearthed; tombs such as that of Puabi contained a multitude of artifacts in gold, silver, and semi-precious stones, such as lapis lazuli crowns embellished with gold figurines, close-fitting collar necklaces, and jewel-headed pins. In Assyria , men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery, including amulets , ankle bracelets, heavy multi-strand necklaces, and cylinder seals . [ 19 ]
Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf and was set with large numbers of brightly-coloured stones (chiefly agate, lapis, carnelian, and jasper). Favoured shapes included leaves, spirals, cones, and bunches of grapes. Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning statues and idols; they employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques, such as cloisonné , engraving , fine granulation, and filigree . [ 20 ]
Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites. One record in the Mari royal archives, for example, gives the composition of various items of jewellery:
1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 34 flat speckled chalcedony bead, [and] 35 gold fluted beads, in groups of five.
1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 39 flat speckled chalcedony beads, [with] 41 fluted beads in a group that make up the hanging device.
1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including: 28 rounded lapis lazuli beads, [and] 29 fluted beads for its clasp. [ 21 ]
Greece
Gold earring from Mycenae , 16th century BCE.
The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC, although beads shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times. By 300 BC, the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using amethysts , pearl and emeralds . Also, the first signs of cameos appeared, with the Greeks creating them from Indian Sardonyx , a striped brown pink and cream agate stone. Greek jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures, with simple designs and workmanship. However, as time progressed the designs grew in complexity different materials were soon utilized.
Pendant with naked woman, made from electrum , Rhodes , around 630-620 BCE.
Jewellery in Greece was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions. It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly worn by women to show their wealth, social status and beauty. The jewellery was often supposed to give the wearer protection from the “ Evil Eye ” or endowed the owner with supernatural powers , while others had a religious symbolism. Older pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods. The largest production of jewellery in these times came from Northern Greece and Macedon . However, although much of the jewellery in Greece was made of gold and silver with ivory and gemstones , bronze and clay copies were made also.
Ancient Greek jewellery from 300 BCE.
They worked two styles of pieces; cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet metal. Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered; it was made by casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds. Then the two halves were joined together and wax and then molten metal, was placed in the centre. This technique had been practised since the late Bronze Age . The more common form of jewellery was the hammered sheet type. Sheets of metal would be hammered to thickness and then soldered together. The inside of the two sheets would be filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work. Different techniques, such as using a stamp or engraving, were then used to create motifs on the jewellery. Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special cavities on the surface. The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins, such as Asia when Alexander the Great conquered part of it. In earlier designs, other European influences can also be detected. When Roman rule came to Greece, no change in jewellery designs was detected. However, by 27 BC, Greek designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture. That is not to say that indigenous design did not thrive; numerous polychrome butterfly pendants on silver foxtail chains, dating from the 1st century, have been found near Olbia , with only one example ever found anywhere else. [ 22 ]
Rome
Roman Amethyst intaglio engraved gem , c. 212 CE; later regarded as of St. Peter.
Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times, especially among the barbarian tribes such as the Celts , when the Romans conquered most of Europe, jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the Roman designs. The most common artefact of early Rome was the brooch , which was used to secure clothing together. The Romans used a diverse range of materials for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent. Although they used gold, they sometimes used bronze or bone and in earlier times, glass beads & pearl. As early as 2,000 years ago, they imported Sri Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amber in their jewellery. In Roman-ruled England , fossilized wood called jet from Northern England was often carved into pieces of jewellery. The early Italians worked in crude gold and created clasps, necklaces, earrings and bracelets. They also produced larger pendants which could be filled with perfume .
Like the Greeks, often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the “Evil Eye” given by other people. Although women wore a vast array of jewellery, men often only wore a finger ring . Although they were expected to wear at least one ring, some Roman men wore a ring on every finger, while others wore none. Roman men and women wore rings with a engraved gem on it that was used with wax to seal documents, an practice that continued into medieval times when kings and noblemen used the same method. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and tribes. [ 18 ]
Middle Ages
Merovingian fibulae, Bibliothèque nationale de France .
6th century bronze eagle-shaped Visigothic cloisonné fibula from Guadalajara , Spain , using glass-paste fillings in imitation of garnets .
Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills; the Celts and Merovingians in particular are noted for their jewellery, which in terms of quality matched or exceeded that of Byzantium. Clothing fasteners, amulets, and to a lesser extent signet rings are the most common artefacts known to us; a particularly striking celtic example is the Tara Brooch . The Torc was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power. By the 8th century, jewelled weaponry was common for men, while other jewellery (with the exception of signet rings) seems to become the domain of women. Grave goods found in a 6th-7th century burial near Chalon-sur-Saône are illustrative; the young girl was buried with: 2 silver fibulae , a necklace (with coins), bracelet, gold earings, a pair of hair-pins, comb, and buckle. [ 23 ] The Celts specialized in continuous patterns and designs; while Merovingian designs are best known for stylized animal figures. [ 24 ] They were not the only groups known for high quality work; note the Visigoth work shown here, and the numerous decorative objects found at the Anglo-Saxon Ship burial at Sutton Hoo Suffolk , England , are a particularly well-known example. [ 18 ] On the continent, cloisonné and garnet were perhaps the quintessential method and gemstone of the period.
Byzantine wedding ring .
The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire , continued many of the methods of the Romans, though religious themes came to predominate. Unlike the Romans, the Franks, and the Celts, however; Byzantium used light-weight gold leaf rather than solid gold, and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems. As in the West, Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier females, with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings. Like other contemporary cultures, jewellery was commonly buried with its owner. [ 25 ]
Renaissance
Sardonyx cameo .
The Renaissance and exploration both had significant impacts on the development of jewellery in Europe. By the 17th century, increasing exploration and trade lead to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as exposure to the art of other cultures. Whereas prior to this the working of gold and precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery, this period saw increasing dominance of gemstones and their settings. A fascinating example of this is the Cheapside Hoard , the stock of a jeweller hidden in London during the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912. It contained Colombian emerald , topaz , amazonite from Brazil, spinel , iolite , and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka, ruby from India, Afghani lapis lazuli , Persian turquoise , Red Sea peridot , as well as Bohemian and Hungarian opal , garnet , and amethyst . Large stones were frequently set in box-bezels on enamelled rings. [ 26 ] Notable among merchants of the period was Jean-Baptiste Tavernier , who in the 1660s brought the precursor stone of the Hope Diamond to France.
When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804, he revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France. Under Napoleon’s rule, jewellers introduced parures , suites of matching jewellery, such as a diamond tiara , diamond earrings , diamond rings, a diamond brooch and a diamond necklace. Both of Napoleon’s wives had beautiful sets such as these and wore them regularly. Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was the cameo . Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen, cameos were highly sought after. The period also saw the early stages of costume jewellery , with fish scale covered glass beads in place of pearls or conch shell cameos instead of stone cameos. New terms were coined to differentiate the arts: jewellers who worked in cheaper materials were called bijoutiers , while jewellers who worked with expensive materials were called joailliers ; a practice which continues to this day.
Romanticism
Mourning jewellery in the form of a jet brooch , 19th century.
Starting in the late 18th century, Romanticism had a profound impact on the development of western jewellery. Perhaps the most significant influences were the public’s fascination with the treasures being discovered through the birth of modern archaeology , and the fascination with Medieval and Renaissance art. Changing social conditions and the onset of the Industrial Revolution also lead to growth of a middle class that wanted and could afford jewellery. As a result, the use of industrial processes, cheaper alloys, and stone substitutes, lead to the development of paste or costume jewellery . Distinguished goldsmiths continued to flourish, however, as wealthier patrons sought to ensure that what they wore still stood apart from the jewellery of the masses, not only through use of precious metals and stones but also though superior artistic and technical work; one such artist was the French goldsmith Françoise Désire Froment Meurice . A category unique to this period and quite appropriate to the philosophy of romanticism was mourning jewellery . It originated in England, where Queen Victoria was often seen wearing jet jewellery after the death of Prince Albert ; and allowed the wearer to continue wearing jewellery while expressing a state of mourning at the death of a loved one. [ 27 ]
In the United states, this period saw the founding in 1837 of Tiffany & Co. by Charles Lewis Tiffany . Tiffany's put the United States on the world map in terms of jewellery, and gained fame creating dazzling commissions for people such as the wife of Abraham Lincoln ; later it would gain popular notoriety as the setting of the film Breakfast at Tiffany's . In France, Pierre Cartier founded Cartier SA in 1847, while 1884 saw the founding of Bulgari in Italy. The modern production studio had been born; a step away from the former dominance of individual craftsmen and patronage .
This period also saw the first major collaboration between East and West; collaboration in Pforzheim between German and Japanese artists lead to Shakudō plaques set into Filigree frames being created by the Stoeffler firm in 1885). [ 28 ] Perhaps the grand finalé – and an appropriate transition to the following period – were the masterful creations of the Russian artist Peter Carl Fabergé , working for the Imperial Russian court, whose Fabergé eggs and jewellery pieces are still considered as the epitome of the goldsmith’s art.
Art Nouveau
In the 1890s, jewellers began to explore the potential of the growing Art Nouveau style. Very closely related were the German Jugendstil , British (and to some extent American) Arts and Crafts Movement . Art Nouveau jewellery encompassed many distinct features including a focus on the female form and an emphasis on colour, most commonly rendered through the use of enamelling techniques including basse-taille, champleve, cloisonné and plique a jour. Motifs included orchids, irises, pansies, vines, swans, peacocks, snakes, dragonflies, mythological creatures and the female silhouette. René Lalique , working for the Paris shop of Samuel Bing , was recognized by contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony and Wiener Werkstätte provided perhaps the most significant German input to the trend, while in Denmark Georg Jensen , though best known for his Silverware , also contributed significant pieces. In England, Liberty & Co. and the British arts & crafts movement of Charles Robert Ashbee contributed slightly more linear but still characteristic designs. The new style moved the focus of the jeweller's art from the setting of stones to the artistic design of the piece itself; Lalique's dragonfly design is one of the best examples of this. Enamels played a large role in technique, while sinuous organic lines are the most recognizable design feature. The end of World War One once again changed public attitudes; and a more sober style came in. [ 29 ]
Art Deco
Growing political tensions, the after-effects of the war, and a reaction against the perceived decadence of the turn of the century led to simpler forms, combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high-quality jewellery. Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the style has become popularly known as Art Deco . Walter Gropius and the German Bauhaus movement, with their philosophy of "no barriers between artists and craftsmen" lead to some interesting and stylistically simplified forms. Modern materials were also introduced: plastics and aluminum were first used in jewellery, and of note are the chromed pendants of Russian born Bauhaus master Naum Slutzky . Technical mastery became as valued as the material itself; in the west, this period saw the reinvention of granulation by the German Elizabeth Treskow (although development of the re-invention has continued into the 1990s).
Jewish jewellery
Jewellery has been a part of Jewish culture since Biblical times. There are references in the Bible to the wearing of jewellery, both as a decoration and as a symbol. Now, Jewish jewellery is worn to show affiliation with Judaism , as well as talismans and amulets.
One of the most common symbols in Jewish jewellery is the Star of David . Another popular symbol is the Hamsa , also known as the "Hamesh hand". The Hamsa appears often in a stylized form, as a hand with three fingers raised, and sometimes with two thumbs arranged symmetrically. Its five fingers are said to symbolize the five books if the Torah. The symbol is used for protection and as a talisman to ward off the Evil eye in amulets and charms and can also be found in various places such as home entrances and cars. It is also common to place other symbols in the middle of the Hamsa that are believed to help against the evil eye such as fish, eyes and the Star of David. The colour blue, or more specifically light blue, is also considered protective against the evil eye and many Hamsas are in that colour or with embedded gemstones in different shades of blue.
The Chai is also a popular Jewish motif for necklaces.
Other motifs found in Jewish jewellery are symbols from the Kabbalah , such as the Merkaba, a three-dimensional Star of David, and the Tree of life. Pieces of jewellery are decorated with parts or initials of known Jewish prayers and with 3-letters combinations, believed to represent different names of the Jewish God.
Asia
Royal earrings, Andhra Pradesh , 1st Century BC.
In Asia, the Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere, with a history of over 5,000 years. [ 30 ] One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization . Early jewellery making in China started around the same period, but it became widespread with the spread of Buddhism around 2,000 years ago.
China
One of the earliest cultures to begin making jewellery in Asia was the Chinese around 5,000 years ago. Chinese jewellery designs were very religion-oriented and contained Buddhist symbols, a tradition which continues to this day.
The Chinese used silver in their jewellery more often than gold, and decorated it with their favourite colour, blue. Blue kingfisher feathers were tied onto early Chinese jewellery and later, blue gems and glass were incorporated into designs. However, jade was preferred over any other stone, and was fashioned using diamonds . The Chinese revered jade because of the human-like qualities they assigned to it, such as its hardness, durability and beauty. [ 4 ] The first jade pieces were very simple, but as time progressed, more complex designs evolved. Jade rings from between the 4th and 7th centuries BCE show evidence of having been worked with a compound milling machine ; hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west. [ 31 ]
Jade coiled serpent, Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD)
`Xin' Shape Jewellery from Ming Dynasty Tombs , (1368–1644)
In China, jewellery was worn frequently by both sexes to show their nobility and wealth. However, in later years, it was used to accentuate beauty. Women wore highly detailed gold and silver head dresses and other items, while men wore decorative hat buttons , which showed rank, and gold or silver rings. Women also wore strips of gold on their foreheads, much like women in the Indus Valley. The band was an early form of tiara and was often decorated with precious gems. The most common piece of jewellery worn by in China was the earring, which was worn by both men and women. Amulets were also common too, often with a Chinese symbol or dragon . In fact, dragons, Chinese symbols and also phoenixes were frequently depicted on jewellery designs.
The Chinese often placed their jewellery in their graves; most Chinese graves found by archaeologists contain decorative jewellery. [ 32 ]
India
The Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere since Ramayana and Mahabharata times. While Western traditions were heavily influenced by waxing and waning empires, India enjoyed a continuous development of art forms for some 5000 years. [ 30 ] One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization . By 1,500 BC the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces and metallic bangles . Before 2,100 BC, prior to the period when metals were widely used, the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade. Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques. First, a bead maker would need a rough stone, which would be bought from an eastern stone trader. The stone would then be placed into a hot oven where it would be heated until it turned deep red, a colour highly prized by people of the Indus Valley. The red stone would then be chipped to the right size and a hole drilled through it with primitive drills. The beads were then polished. Some beads were also painted with designs. This art form was often passed down through family; children of bead makers often learnt how to work beads from a young age.
Jewellery in the Indus Valley was worn predominantly by females, who wore numerous clay or shell bracelets on their wrists. They were often shaped like doughnuts and painted black. Over time, clay bangles were discarded for more durable ones. In India today, bangles are made out of metal or glass. Other pieces that women frequently wore were thin bands of gold that would be worn on the forehead, earrings, primitive brooches, chokers and gold rings. Although women wore jewellery the most, some men in the Indus Valley wore beads. Small beads were often crafted to be placed in men and women’s hair. The beads were about one millimetre long.
A female skeleton (presently on display at the National Museum, New Delhi, India) wears a carlinean bangle (a bracelet) on her left hand.
India was the first country to mine diamonds , with some mines dating back to 296 BC. India traded the diamonds, realising their valuable qualities. This trade almost vanished 1,000 years after Christianity grew as a religion, as Christians rejected the diamonds which were used in Indian religious amulets. Along with Arabians from the Middle East restricting the trade, India’s diamond jewellery trade lulled.
Today, many of the jewellery designs and traditions are still used and jewellery is commonplace in Indian ceremonies and weddings. [ 32 ]
Americas
Jewellery played a major role in the fate of the Americas when the Spanish established an empire to seize South American gold. Jewellery making developed in the Americas 5,000 years ago in Central and South America . Large amounts of gold was easily accessible, and the Aztecs , the Mixtecs , the Mayans and numerous Andean cultures like the Mochica of Peru created beautiful pieces of jewellery.
With the Mochica culture, goldwork flourished. The pieces are no longer simple metalwork, but are now masterful examples of jewellery making. Pieces are sophisticated in their design, and feature inlays of turquoise, mother of pearl, spondylus shell, and amethyst. The nose and ear ornaments, chest plates, small containers and whistles are considered masterpieces of ancient Peruvian culture. [ 33 ]
Moche Ear Ornaments. 1-800 AD. Larco Museum Collection, Lima-Peru
Among the Aztecs , only nobility wore gold jewellery, as it showed their rank, power and wealth. Gold jewellery was most common in the Aztec Empire and was often decorated with feathers from birds . The main purpose of Aztec jewellery was to draw attention, with richer and more powerful Aztecs wearing brighter, more expensive jewellery and clothes. Although gold was the most common and popular material used in Aztec jewellery, silver was also readily available throughout the American empires. In addition to adornment and status, the Aztecs also used jewellery in sacrifices to appease the gods. Priests also used gem encrusted daggers to perform animal and human sacrifices. [ 18 ] [ 27 ]
Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewellery making was the Maya . At the peak of their civilization, the Maya were making jewellery from jade , gold, silver, bronze and copper . Maya designs were similar to those of the Aztecs, with lavish head dresses and jewellery. The Maya also traded in precious gems. However, in earlier times, the Maya had little access to metal, so made the majority of their jewellery out of bone or stone. Merchants and nobility were the only few that wore expensive jewellery in the Maya Empire, much the same as with the Aztecs. [ 32 ]
In North America , Native Americans used shells , wood, turquoise , and soapstone , almost unavailable in South and Central America. The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be placed in earrings. Native Americans with access to oyster shells, often located in only one location in America, traded the shells with other tribes, showing the great importance of the body adornment trade in Northern America. [ 34 ]
Pacific
Main article: Jewellery in the Pacific
Jewellery making in the Pacific started later than in other areas because of recent human settlement. Early Pacific jewellery was made of bone, wood and other natural materials, and thus has not survived. Most Pacific jewellery is worn above the waist, with headdresses, necklaces, hair pins and arm and waist belts being the most common pieces.
Jewellery in the Pacific, with the exception of Australia, is worn to be a symbol of either fertility or power. Elaborate headdresses are worn by many Pacific cultures and some, such as the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea , wear certain headresses once they have killed an enemy. Tribesman may wear boar bones through their noses.
Island jewellery is still very much primal because of the lack of communication with outside cultures; some areas of Borneo and Papua New Guinea are yet to be explored by Western nations. However, the island nations which were flooded with Western missionaries have had drastic changes made to their jewellery designs. Missionaries saw any type of tribal jewellery as a sign of the wearer's devotion to paganism. Thus many tribal designs were lost forever in the mass conversion to Christianity. [ 35 ]
A modern opal bracelet
Australia is now the number one supplier of opals in the world. Opals had already been mined in Europe and South America for many years prior, but in the late 1800s, the Australian opal market became predominant. Australian opals are only mined in a few select places around the country, making it one the most profitable stones in the Pacific. [ 36 ]
One of the few cultures to today still create their jewellery as they did many centuries prior is the New Zealand Māori , who create Hei-tiki . The reason the hei-tiki is worn is not apparent; it may either relate to ancestral connections, as Tiki was the first Māori, or fertility, as there is a strong connection between this and Tiki. Another suggestion from historians is that the Tiki is a product of the ancient belief of a god named Tiki, perhaps dating back to before the Māoris settled in New Zealand. Hei-tikis are traditionally carved by hand from bone (commonly whale), nephrite or bowenite ; a lengthy and spiritual process. The Hei-tiki is now popular amongst tourists who can buy it from souvenir or jeweller shops.
Other than jewellery created through Māori influence, jewellery in New Zealand remains similar to other western civilizations; multi cultural and varied. This is more noticeable in New Zealand because of its high levels of non-European citizens. [ 35 ]
Modern
The modern jewellery movement began in the late 1940s at the end of World War II with a renewed interest in artistic and leisurely pursuits. The movement is most noted with works by Georg Jensen and other jewellery designers who advanced the concept of wearable art. The advent of new materials, such as plastics, Precious Metal Clay (PMC) and colouring techniques, has led to increased variety in styles. Other advances, such as the development of improved pearl harvesting by people such as Mikimoto Kōkichi and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite (a diamond simulant ), has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population.
The "jewellery as art" movement was spearheaded by artisans such as Robert Lee Morris and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in the UK. Influence from other cultural forms is also evident; one example of this is bling-bling style jewellery, popularized by hip-hop and rap artists in the early 21st century.
The late 20th century saw the blending of European design with oriental techniques such as Mokume-gane . The following are innovations in the decades stradling the year 2000: "Mokume-gane, hydraulic die forming, anti-clastic raising , fold-forming , reactive metal anodizing , shell forms, PMC , photoetching , and [use of] CAD/CAM ." [ 37 ]
Artisan jewellery continues to grow as both a hobby and a profession. With more than 17 United States periodicals about beading alone, resources, accessibility and a low initial cost of entry continues to expand production of hand-made adornments. Some fine examples of artisan jewellery can be seen at The Metropolitan Museum. [ 38 ]
Body modification
A Kayan girl in Northern Thailand.
Jewellery used in body modification is usually plain; the use of simple silver studs, rings and earrings predominates. Common jewellery pieces such as earrings, are themselves a form of body modification, as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear.
Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks. From as early as 5 years old, girls are introduced to their first neck ring. Over the years, more rings are added. In addition to the twenty-plus pounds of rings on her neck, a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves too. At their extent, some necks modified like this can reach 10-15 inches long; the practice has obvious health impacts, however, and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity. [ 39 ] Tribes related to the Paduang, as well as other cultures throughout the world, use jewellery to stretch their earlobes, or enlarge ear piercings. In the Americas, labrets have been worn since before first contact by Innu and First Nations peoples of the northwest coast. [ 40 ] Lip plates are worn by the African Mursi and Sara people , as well as some South American peoples.
In the late 20th century, the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures. Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects; thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred.
In many cultures, jewellery is used as a temporary body modifier, with in some cases, hooks or even objects as large as bike bars being placed into the recipient's skin. Although this procedure is often carried out by tribal or semi-tribal groups, often acting under a trance during religious ceremonies, this practise has seeped into western culture. Many extreme-jewellery shops now cater to people wanting large hooks or spikes set into their skin. Most often, these hooks are used in conjunction with pulleys to hoist the recipient into the air. This practice is said to give an erotic feeling to the person and some couples have even performed their marriage ceremony whilst being suspended by hooks. [ 39 ]
Jewellery market
According to a recent KPMG study [ 41 ] the largest jewellery market is the United States with a market share of 30.8%, Japan, India and China and the Middle East each with 8 - 9% and Italy with 5%. The authors of the study predict a dramatic change in market shares by 2015, where the market share of the United States will have dropped to around 25%, and China and India will increase theirs to over 13%. The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9%, whereas Europe's and Japan's marketshare will be halved and become less than 4% for Japan, and less than 3% for the biggest individual European countries: Italy and the UK.
See also
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The word jewellery is derived from the word jewel , which was Anglicised from the Old French " jouel " circa the 13th century . [ 1 ] Further tracing leads back to the Latin word " jocale ", meaning plaything. Jewellery is one of the oldest forms of body adornment; recently found 100,000 year-old beads made from Nassarius shells, are thought to be the oldest known jewellery. [ 2 ]
Jewellery is sometimes seen as wealth storage or functionally as holding a garment or hair together. It has from very early times also been regarded as a form of personal adornment. The first pieces of jewellery were made from natural materials , such as bone , animal teeth , shell , wood and carved stone . More exotic jewellery was probably made for wealthy people or as indications of social status. In some cases people were buried with their jewellery.
Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings and many more types of jewellery . While high-quality jewellery is made with gemstones and precious metals, such as silver or gold, there is also a growing demand for art jewellery where design and creativity is prized above material value. In addition, there is the less costly costume jewellery , made from lower value materials and mass-produced. Other variations include wire sculpture (wrap) jewellery, using anything from base metal wire with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones.
Contents
1 Form and function
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Diamonds
2.2 Other gemstones
2.3 Metal finishes
3 Impact on society
4 History
4.1 Early history
4.1.1 Egypt
4.2 Europe and the Middle East
4.2.1 Mesopotamia
4.2.2 Greece
4.2.3 Rome
4.2.4 Middle Ages
4.2.5 Renaissance
4.2.6 Romanticism
4.2.7 Art Nouveau
4.2.8 Art Deco
4.2.9 Jewish jewellery
4.3 Asia
4.3.1 China
4.3.2 India
4.4 Americas
4.5 Pacific
5 Modern
6 Body modification
7 Jewellery market
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
//
Form and function
Kenyan man wearing tribal beads
Jewellery has been used for a number of reasons:
Currency , wealth display and storage,
Functional use (such as clasps, pins and buckles)
Symbolism (to show membership or status)
Protection (in the form of amulets and magical wards), [ 3 ]
Artistic display
Most cultures have at some point had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Numerous cultures move wedding dowries in the form of jewellery, or create jewellery as a means to store or display coins. Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good; an example being the use of slave beads . [ citation needed ]
Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles originated as purely functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished. [ 4 ]
Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership, as in the case of the Christian crucifix or Jewish Star of David , or of status, as in the case of chains of office , or the Western practice of married people wearing a wedding ring .
Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures ; these may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh ), stones, plants, animals, body parts (such as the Khamsa ), or glyphs (such as stylized versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art ). [ 5 ]
Although artistic display has clearly been a function of jewellery from the very beginning, the other roles described above tended to take primacy. [ citation needed ] It was only in the late 19th century , with the work of such masters as Peter Carl Fabergé and René Lalique , that art began to take primacy over function and wealth. [ citation needed ] This trend has continued into modern times, expanded upon by artists such as Robert Lee Morris and Ed Levin.
Materials and methods
It has been suggested that Jewellery making be merged into this article or section. ( Discuss )
Anticlastic forged sterling bracelet.
In creating jewellery, gemstones , coins , or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery - bronze , for example, was common in Roman times. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold , white gold , platinum , palladium , titanium or silver . Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats , indicated by a number followed by the letter K . American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold), (though in the UK the number is 9K (37.5% pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold). Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold), and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe. These high purity alloys, however, are widely used across Asia , the Middle East and Africa . [ citation needed ] Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95.0% pure). The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver , or 92.5% fine silver. In costume jewellery , stainless steel findings are sometimes used.
Bead embroidery design.
Other commonly used materials include glass , such as fused-glass or enamel ; wood , often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory ; natural clay ; polymer clay ; and even plastics . Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will cause an English Assay office (the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of approval, the Hallmark ) to destroy the piece. [ citation needed ] Beads are frequently used in jewellery. These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal, wood , shells, clay and polymer clay. Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces , bracelets , earrings , belts and rings . Beads may be large or small, the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads , these are the beads used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Bead embroidery, a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many African cultures.
Advanced glass and glass beadmaking techniques by Murano and Venetian glassmasters developed crystalline glass, enamelled glass (smalto), glass with threads of gold (goldstone), multicoloured glass ( millefiori ), milk-glass (lattimo) and imitation gemstones made of glass. [ citation needed ] As early as the 13th century, Murano glass and Murano beads were popular. [ citation needed ] Silversmiths , goldsmiths , and lapidaries methods include forging , casting , soldering or welding , cutting, carving and "cold-joining" (using adhesives , staples and rivets to assemble parts). [ 6 ]
Diamonds
Diamonds .
Main article: Diamond
Diamonds were first mined in India . [ 7 ] Pliny may have mentioned them, although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as Adamas ; [ 8 ] In 2005, Australia , Botswana , Russia and Canada ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond , part of the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g).
Now popular in engagement rings , this usage dates back to the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477. [ citation needed ]
Other gemstones
Main article: Gemstone
Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery. Among them are:
Amber
Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time. The stone must be at least 1 million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old.
Amethyst
Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family. It is treasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark.
Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum .
Emerald
Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour. They have been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC.
Jade
Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green, but can come in a number of other colours as well. Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history, and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven .
Jasper
Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours. Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone. Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and browns) and swirls in the stone’s pattern.
Quartz
Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes. Among the well-known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown). A number of other gemstones, like Amethyst and Citrine , are also part of the quartz family. Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle-like inclusions.
Ruby
Rubies are known for their intense red colour, and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones. Rubies have been treasured for millennia. In Sanskrit , the word for ruby is ratnaraj , meaning king of precious stones .
Sapphire
The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation. Fancy coloured sapphires in various colours are also available. In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones (emerald, ruby and sapphire).
Turquoise
Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the world’s largest turquoise producing region is the southwest United States. Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour, most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue, and its ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles. It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles. Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone’s bright blue colour.
Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals. [ 11 ]
Some gems, for example, amethyst , have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed. Some man-made gems can serve in place of natural gems, an example is the cubic zirconia , used in place of the diamond. [ 12 ]
Metal finishes
An example of gold plated jewellery
For platinum , gold , and silver jewellery there are many techniques to create finishes. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed , and hammered. High-polished jewellery is by far the most common and gives the metal the highly-reflective and shiny look. Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery and is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds . Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look, and are created by brushing a material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving 'brush strokes'. Hammered finishes are typically created by using a soft, rounded hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture.
Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired colour. Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or may be plated with rhodium or gold. Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish. [ 13 ]
[ edit ] Impact on society
Jewellery has been used to denote status. In ancient Rome, for instance, only certain ranks could wear rings; [ 14 ] Later, sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery; again based on rank. Cultural dictates have also played a significant role; for example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered "effeminate" in the 19th and early 20th centuries. More recently, the display of body jewellery, such as piercings , has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups, but is completely rejected in others. Likewise, the hip hop culture has popularized the slang term bling-bling , which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women.
Conversely, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularize wedding rings for men, which caught on, as well as engagement rings for men, which did not, going so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had medieval roots. By the mid 1940s, 85% of weddings in the U.S. featured a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s. [ 15 ] Religion has also played a role: Islam, for instance, considers the wearing of gold by men as a social taboo , [ 16 ] and many religions have edicts against excessive display. [ 17 ] In Christianity, the New Testament gives injunctions against the wearing of gold, in the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter. In Revelation 17, "the great whore" or false religious system, is depicted as being "decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand." (Rev. 17:4)
History
The history of jewellery is a long one, with many different uses among different cultures. It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights into how ancient cultures worked.
Early history
The first signs of jewellery came from the people in Africa. Perforated beads made from snail shells have been found dating to 75,000 years ago at Blombos Cave . In Kenya, at Enkapune Ya Muto , beads made from perforated ostrich egg shells have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago.
Outside of Africa, the Cro-Magnons had crude necklaces and bracelets of bone, teeth, berries and stone hung on pieces of string or animal sinew , or pieces of carved bone used to secure clothing together. In some cases, jewellery had shell or mother-of-pearl pieces. In southern Russia , carved bracelets made of mammoth tusk have been found. The Venus of Hohle Fels features a perforation at the top, showing that it was intended to be worn as a pendant .
Around 7,000 years ago, the first sign of copper jewellery was seen. [ 4 ]
Egypt
Amulet pendant (254 BCE) made from gold , lapis lazuli , turquoise and carnelian , 14 cm wide.
An 18th dynasty pharaonic era princess' crown
The first signs of established jewellery making in Ancient Egypt was around 3,000-5,000 years ago. [ 18 ] The Egyptians preferred the luxury, rarity, and workability of gold over other metals. Predynastic Egypt had Jewellery in Egypt soon began to symbolize power and religious power in the community. Although it was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life, it was also worn by them in death, with jewellery commonly placed among grave goods .
In conjunction with gold jewellery, Egyptians used coloured glass in place of precious gems. Although the Egyptians had access to gemstones, they preferred the colours they could create in glass over the natural colours of stones. For nearly each gemstone, there was a glass formulation used by the Egyptians to mimic it. The colour of the jewellery was very important, as different colours meant different things; the Book of the Dead dictated that the necklace of Isis around a mummy’s neck must be red to satisfy Isis’s need for blood, while green jewellery meant new growth for crops and fertility. Although lapis lazuli and silver had to be imported from beyond the country’s borders, most other materials for jewellery were found in or near Egypt, for example in the Red Sea , where the Egyptians mined Cleopatra 's favourite gem, the emerald . Egyptian jewellery was predominantly made in large workshops attached to temples or palaces .
Egyptian designs were most common in Phoenician jewellery. Also, ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewellery suggest that trade between the Middle East and Europe was not uncommon. Women wore elaborate gold and silver pieces that were used in ceremonies. [ 18 ]
Europe and the Middle East
Mesopotamia
By approximately 4,000 years ago, jewellery-making had become a significant craft in the cities of Sumer and Akkad . The most significant archaeological evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur , where hundreds of burials dating 2900–2300 BC were unearthed; tombs such as that of Puabi contained a multitude of artifacts in gold, silver, and semi-precious stones, such as lapis lazuli crowns embellished with gold figurines, close-fitting collar necklaces, and jewel-headed pins. In Assyria , men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery, including amulets , ankle bracelets, heavy multi-strand necklaces, and cylinder seals . [ 19 ]
Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf and was set with large numbers of brightly-coloured stones (chiefly agate, lapis, carnelian, and jasper). Favoured shapes included leaves, spirals, cones, and bunches of grapes. Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning statues and idols; they employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques, such as cloisonné , engraving , fine granulation, and filigree . [ 20 ]
Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites. One record in the Mari royal archives, for example, gives the composition of various items of jewellery:
1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 34 flat speckled chalcedony bead, [and] 35 gold fluted beads, in groups of five.
1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 39 flat speckled chalcedony beads, [with] 41 fluted beads in a group that make up the hanging device.
1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including: 28 rounded lapis lazuli beads, [and] 29 fluted beads for its clasp. [ 21 ]
Greece
Gold earring from Mycenae , 16th century BCE.
The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC, although beads shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times. By 300 BC, the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using amethysts , pearl and emeralds . Also, the first signs of cameos appeared, with the Greeks creating them from Indian Sardonyx , a striped brown pink and cream agate stone. Greek jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures, with simple designs and workmanship. However, as time progressed the designs grew in complexity different materials were soon utilized.
Pendant with naked woman, made from electrum , Rhodes , around 630-620 BCE.
Jewellery in Greece was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions. It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly worn by women to show their wealth, social status and beauty. The jewellery was often supposed to give the wearer protection from the “ Evil Eye ” or endowed the owner with supernatural powers , while others had a religious symbolism. Older pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods. The largest production of jewellery in these times came from Northern Greece and Macedon . However, although much of the jewellery in Greece was made of gold and silver with ivory and gemstones , bronze and clay copies were made also.
Ancient Greek jewellery from 300 BCE.
They worked two styles of pieces; cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet metal. Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered; it was made by casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds. Then the two halves were joined together and wax and then molten metal, was placed in the centre. This technique had been practised since the late Bronze Age . The more common form of jewellery was the hammered sheet type. Sheets of metal would be hammered to thickness and then soldered together. The inside of the two sheets would be filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work. Different techniques, such as using a stamp or engraving, were then used to create motifs on the jewellery. Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special cavities on the surface. The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins, such as Asia when Alexander the Great conquered part of it. In earlier designs, other European influences can also be detected. When Roman rule came to Greece, no change in jewellery designs was detected. However, by 27 BC, Greek designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture. That is not to say that indigenous design did not thrive; numerous polychrome butterfly pendants on silver foxtail chains, dating from the 1st century, have been found near Olbia , with only one example ever found anywhere else. [ 22 ]
Rome
Roman Amethyst intaglio engraved gem , c. 212 CE; later regarded as of St. Peter.
Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times, especially among the barbarian tribes such as the Celts , when the Romans conquered most of Europe, jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the Roman designs. The most common artefact of early Rome was the brooch , which was used to secure clothing together. The Romans used a diverse range of materials for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent. Although they used gold, they sometimes used bronze or bone and in earlier times, glass beads & pearl. As early as 2,000 years ago, they imported Sri Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amber in their jewellery. In Roman-ruled England , fossilized wood called jet from Northern England was often carved into pieces of jewellery. The early Italians worked in crude gold and created clasps, necklaces, earrings and bracelets. They also produced larger pendants which could be filled with perfume .
Like the Greeks, often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the “Evil Eye” given by other people. Although women wore a vast array of jewellery, men often only wore a finger ring . Although they were expected to wear at least one ring, some Roman men wore a ring on every finger, while others wore none. Roman men and women wore rings with a engraved gem on it that was used with wax to seal documents, an practice that continued into medieval times when kings and noblemen used the same method. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and tribes. [ 18 ]
Middle Ages
Merovingian fibulae, Bibliothèque nationale de France .
6th century bronze eagle-shaped Visigothic cloisonné fibula from Guadalajara , Spain , using glass-paste fillings in imitation of garnets .
Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills; the Celts and Merovingians in particular are noted for their jewellery, which in terms of quality matched or exceeded that of Byzantium. Clothing fasteners, amulets, and to a lesser extent signet rings are the most common artefacts known to us; a particularly striking celtic example is the Tara Brooch . The Torc was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power. By the 8th century, jewelled weaponry was common for men, while other jewellery (with the exception of signet rings) seems to become the domain of women. Grave goods found in a 6th-7th century burial near Chalon-sur-Saône are illustrative; the young girl was buried with: 2 silver fibulae , a necklace (with coins), bracelet, gold earings, a pair of hair-pins, comb, and buckle. [ 23 ] The Celts specialized in continuous patterns and designs; while Merovingian designs are best known for stylized animal figures. [ 24 ] They were not the only groups known for high quality work; note the Visigoth work shown here, and the numerous decorative objects found at the Anglo-Saxon Ship burial at Sutton Hoo Suffolk , England , are a particularly well-known example. [ 18 ] On the continent, cloisonné and garnet were perhaps the quintessential method and gemstone of the period.
Byzantine wedding ring .
The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire , continued many of the methods of the Romans, though religious themes came to predominate. Unlike the Romans, the Franks, and the Celts, however; Byzantium used light-weight gold leaf rather than solid gold, and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems. As in the West, Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier females, with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings. Like other contemporary cultures, jewellery was commonly buried with its owner. [ 25 ]
Renaissance
Sardonyx cameo .
The Renaissance and exploration both had significant impacts on the development of jewellery in Europe. By the 17th century, increasing exploration and trade lead to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as exposure to the art of other cultures. Whereas prior to this the working of gold and precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery, this period saw increasing dominance of gemstones and their settings. A fascinating example of this is the Cheapside Hoard , the stock of a jeweller hidden in London during the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912. It contained Colombian emerald , topaz , amazonite from Brazil, spinel , iolite , and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka, ruby from India, Afghani lapis lazuli , Persian turquoise , Red Sea peridot , as well as Bohemian and Hungarian opal , garnet , and amethyst . Large stones were frequently set in box-bezels on enamelled rings. [ 26 ] Notable among merchants of the period was Jean-Baptiste Tavernier , who in the 1660s brought the precursor stone of the Hope Diamond to France.
When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804, he revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France. Under Napoleon’s rule, jewellers introduced parures , suites of matching jewellery, such as a diamond tiara , diamond earrings , diamond rings, a diamond brooch and a diamond necklace. Both of Napoleon’s wives had beautiful sets such as these and wore them regularly. Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was the cameo . Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen, cameos were highly sought after. The period also saw the early stages of costume jewellery , with fish scale covered glass beads in place of pearls or conch shell cameos instead of stone cameos. New terms were coined to differentiate the arts: jewellers who worked in cheaper materials were called bijoutiers , while jewellers who worked with expensive materials were called joailliers ; a practice which continues to this day.
Romanticism
Mourning jewellery in the form of a jet brooch , 19th century.
Starting in the late 18th century, Romanticism had a profound impact on the development of western jewellery. Perhaps the most significant influences were the public’s fascination with the treasures being discovered through the birth of modern archaeology , and the fascination with Medieval and Renaissance art. Changing social conditions and the onset of the Industrial Revolution also lead to growth of a middle class that wanted and could afford jewellery. As a result, the use of industrial processes, cheaper alloys, and stone substitutes, lead to the development of paste or costume jewellery . Distinguished goldsmiths continued to flourish, however, as wealthier patrons sought to ensure that what they wore still stood apart from the jewellery of the masses, not only through use of precious metals and stones but also though superior artistic and technical work; one such artist was the French goldsmith Françoise Désire Froment Meurice . A category unique to this period and quite appropriate to the philosophy of romanticism was mourning jewellery . It originated in England, where Queen Victoria was often seen wearing jet jewellery after the death of Prince Albert ; and allowed the wearer to continue wearing jewellery while expressing a state of mourning at the death of a loved one. [ 27 ]
In the United states, this period saw the founding in 1837 of Tiffany & Co. by Charles Lewis Tiffany . Tiffany's put the United States on the world map in terms of jewellery, and gained fame creating dazzling commissions for people such as the wife of Abraham Lincoln ; later it would gain popular notoriety as the setting of the film Breakfast at Tiffany's . In France, Pierre Cartier founded Cartier SA in 1847, while 1884 saw the founding of Bulgari in Italy. The modern production studio had been born; a step away from the former dominance of individual craftsmen and patronage .
This period also saw the first major collaboration between East and West; collaboration in Pforzheim between German and Japanese artists lead to Shakudō plaques set into Filigree frames being created by the Stoeffler firm in 1885). [ 28 ] Perhaps the grand finalé – and an appropriate transition to the following period – were the masterful creations of the Russian artist Peter Carl Fabergé , working for the Imperial Russian court, whose Fabergé eggs and jewellery pieces are still considered as the epitome of the goldsmith’s art.
Art Nouveau
In the 1890s, jewellers began to explore the potential of the growing Art Nouveau style. Very closely related were the German Jugendstil , British (and to some extent American) Arts and Crafts Movement . Art Nouveau jewellery encompassed many distinct features including a focus on the female form and an emphasis on colour, most commonly rendered through the use of enamelling techniques including basse-taille, champleve, cloisonné and plique a jour. Motifs included orchids, irises, pansies, vines, swans, peacocks, snakes, dragonflies, mythological creatures and the female silhouette. René Lalique , working for the Paris shop of Samuel Bing , was recognized by contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony and Wiener Werkstätte provided perhaps the most significant German input to the trend, while in Denmark Georg Jensen , though best known for his Silverware , also contributed significant pieces. In England, Liberty & Co. and the British arts & crafts movement of Charles Robert Ashbee contributed slightly more linear but still characteristic designs. The new style moved the focus of the jeweller's art from the setting of stones to the artistic design of the piece itself; Lalique's dragonfly design is one of the best examples of this. Enamels played a large role in technique, while sinuous organic lines are the most recognizable design feature. The end of World War One once again changed public attitudes; and a more sober style came in. [ 29 ]
Art Deco
Growing political tensions, the after-effects of the war, and a reaction against the perceived decadence of the turn of the century led to simpler forms, combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high-quality jewellery. Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the style has become popularly known as Art Deco . Walter Gropius and the German Bauhaus movement, with their philosophy of "no barriers between artists and craftsmen" lead to some interesting and stylistically simplified forms. Modern materials were also introduced: plastics and aluminum were first used in jewellery, and of note are the chromed pendants of Russian born Bauhaus master Naum Slutzky . Technical mastery became as valued as the material itself; in the west, this period saw the reinvention of granulation by the German Elizabeth Treskow (although development of the re-invention has continued into the 1990s).
Jewish jewellery
Jewellery has been a part of Jewish culture since Biblical times. There are references in the Bible to the wearing of jewellery, both as a decoration and as a symbol. Now, Jewish jewellery is worn to show affiliation with Judaism , as well as talismans and amulets.
One of the most common symbols in Jewish jewellery is the Star of David . Another popular symbol is the Hamsa , also known as the "Hamesh hand". The Hamsa appears often in a stylized form, as a hand with three fingers raised, and sometimes with two thumbs arranged symmetrically. Its five fingers are said to symbolize the five books if the Torah. The symbol is used for protection and as a talisman to ward off the Evil eye in amulets and charms and can also be found in various places such as home entrances and cars. It is also common to place other symbols in the middle of the Hamsa that are believed to help against the evil eye such as fish, eyes and the Star of David. The colour blue, or more specifically light blue, is also considered protective against the evil eye and many Hamsas are in that colour or with embedded gemstones in different shades of blue.
The Chai is also a popular Jewish motif for necklaces.
Other motifs found in Jewish jewellery are symbols from the Kabbalah , such as the Merkaba, a three-dimensional Star of David, and the Tree of life. Pieces of jewellery are decorated with parts or initials of known Jewish prayers and with 3-letters combinations, believed to represent different names of the Jewish God.
Asia
Royal earrings, Andhra Pradesh , 1st Century BC.
In Asia, the Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere, with a history of over 5,000 years. [ 30 ] One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization . Early jewellery making in China started around the same period, but it became widespread with the spread of Buddhism around 2,000 years ago.
China
One of the earliest cultures to begin making jewellery in Asia was the Chinese around 5,000 years ago. Chinese jewellery designs were very religion-oriented and contained Buddhist symbols, a tradition which continues to this day.
The Chinese used silver in their jewellery more often than gold, and decorated it with their favourite colour, blue. Blue kingfisher feathers were tied onto early Chinese jewellery and later, blue gems and glass were incorporated into designs. However, jade was preferred over any other stone, and was fashioned using diamonds . The Chinese revered jade because of the human-like qualities they assigned to it, such as its hardness, durability and beauty. [ 4 ] The first jade pieces were very simple, but as time progressed, more complex designs evolved. Jade rings from between the 4th and 7th centuries BCE show evidence of having been worked with a compound milling machine ; hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west. [ 31 ]
Jade coiled serpent, Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD)
`Xin' Shape Jewellery from Ming Dynasty Tombs , (1368–1644)
In China, jewellery was worn frequently by both sexes to show their nobility and wealth. However, in later years, it was used to accentuate beauty. Women wore highly detailed gold and silver head dresses and other items, while men wore decorative hat buttons , which showed rank, and gold or silver rings. Women also wore strips of gold on their foreheads, much like women in the Indus Valley. The band was an early form of tiara and was often decorated with precious gems. The most common piece of jewellery worn by in China was the earring, which was worn by both men and women. Amulets were also common too, often with a Chinese symbol or dragon . In fact, dragons, Chinese symbols and also phoenixes were frequently depicted on jewellery designs.
The Chinese often placed their jewellery in their graves; most Chinese graves found by archaeologists contain decorative jewellery. [ 32 ]
India
The Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere since Ramayana and Mahabharata times. While Western traditions were heavily influenced by waxing and waning empires, India enjoyed a continuous development of art forms for some 5000 years. [ 30 ] One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization . By 1,500 BC the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces and metallic bangles . Before 2,100 BC, prior to the period when metals were widely used, the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade. Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques. First, a bead maker would need a rough stone, which would be bought from an eastern stone trader. The stone would then be placed into a hot oven where it would be heated until it turned deep red, a colour highly prized by people of the Indus Valley. The red stone would then be chipped to the right size and a hole drilled through it with primitive drills. The beads were then polished. Some beads were also painted with designs. This art form was often passed down through family; children of bead makers often learnt how to work beads from a young age.
Jewellery in the Indus Valley was worn predominantly by females, who wore numerous clay or shell bracelets on their wrists. They were often shaped like doughnuts and painted black. Over time, clay bangles were discarded for more durable ones. In India today, bangles are made out of metal or glass. Other pieces that women frequently wore were thin bands of gold that would be worn on the forehead, earrings, primitive brooches, chokers and gold rings. Although women wore jewellery the most, some men in the Indus Valley wore beads. Small beads were often crafted to be placed in men and women’s hair. The beads were about one millimetre long.
A female skeleton (presently on display at the National Museum, New Delhi, India) wears a carlinean bangle (a bracelet) on her left hand.
India was the first country to mine diamonds , with some mines dating back to 296 BC. India traded the diamonds, realising their valuable qualities. This trade almost vanished 1,000 years after Christianity grew as a religion, as Christians rejected the diamonds which were used in Indian religious amulets. Along with Arabians from the Middle East restricting the trade, India’s diamond jewellery trade lulled.
Today, many of the jewellery designs and traditions are still used and jewellery is commonplace in Indian ceremonies and weddings. [ 32 ]
Americas
Jewellery played a major role in the fate of the Americas when the Spanish established an empire to seize South American gold. Jewellery making developed in the Americas 5,000 years ago in Central and South America . Large amounts of gold was easily accessible, and the Aztecs , the Mixtecs , the Mayans and numerous Andean cultures like the Mochica of Peru created beautiful pieces of jewellery.
With the Mochica culture, goldwork flourished. The pieces are no longer simple metalwork, but are now masterful examples of jewellery making. Pieces are sophisticated in their design, and feature inlays of turquoise, mother of pearl, spondylus shell, and amethyst. The nose and ear ornaments, chest plates, small containers and whistles are considered masterpieces of ancient Peruvian culture. [ 33 ]
Moche Ear Ornaments. 1-800 AD. Larco Museum Collection, Lima-Peru
Among the Aztecs , only nobility wore gold jewellery, as it showed their rank, power and wealth. Gold jewellery was most common in the Aztec Empire and was often decorated with feathers from birds . The main purpose of Aztec jewellery was to draw attention, with richer and more powerful Aztecs wearing brighter, more expensive jewellery and clothes. Although gold was the most common and popular material used in Aztec jewellery, silver was also readily available throughout the American empires. In addition to adornment and status, the Aztecs also used jewellery in sacrifices to appease the gods. Priests also used gem encrusted daggers to perform animal and human sacrifices. [ 18 ] [ 27 ]
Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewellery making was the Maya . At the peak of their civilization, the Maya were making jewellery from jade , gold, silver, bronze and copper . Maya designs were similar to those of the Aztecs, with lavish head dresses and jewellery. The Maya also traded in precious gems. However, in earlier times, the Maya had little access to metal, so made the majority of their jewellery out of bone or stone. Merchants and nobility were the only few that wore expensive jewellery in the Maya Empire, much the same as with the Aztecs. [ 32 ]
In North America , Native Americans used shells , wood, turquoise , and soapstone , almost unavailable in South and Central America. The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be placed in earrings. Native Americans with access to oyster shells, often located in only one location in America, traded the shells with other tribes, showing the great importance of the body adornment trade in Northern America. [ 34 ]
Pacific
Main article: Jewellery in the Pacific
Jewellery making in the Pacific started later than in other areas because of recent human settlement. Early Pacific jewellery was made of bone, wood and other natural materials, and thus has not survived. Most Pacific jewellery is worn above the waist, with headdresses, necklaces, hair pins and arm and waist belts being the most common pieces.
Jewellery in the Pacific, with the exception of Australia, is worn to be a symbol of either fertility or power. Elaborate headdresses are worn by many Pacific cultures and some, such as the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea , wear certain headresses once they have killed an enemy. Tribesman may wear boar bones through their noses.
Island jewellery is still very much primal because of the lack of communication with outside cultures; some areas of Borneo and Papua New Guinea are yet to be explored by Western nations. However, the island nations which were flooded with Western missionaries have had drastic changes made to their jewellery designs. Missionaries saw any type of tribal jewellery as a sign of the wearer's devotion to paganism. Thus many tribal designs were lost forever in the mass conversion to Christianity. [ 35 ]
A modern opal bracelet
Australia is now the number one supplier of opals in the world. Opals had already been mined in Europe and South America for many years prior, but in the late 1800s, the Australian opal market became predominant. Australian opals are only mined in a few select places around the country, making it one the most profitable stones in the Pacific. [ 36 ]
One of the few cultures to today still create their jewellery as they did many centuries prior is the New Zealand Māori , who create Hei-tiki . The reason the hei-tiki is worn is not apparent; it may either relate to ancestral connections, as Tiki was the first Māori, or fertility, as there is a strong connection between this and Tiki. Another suggestion from historians is that the Tiki is a product of the ancient belief of a god named Tiki, perhaps dating back to before the Māoris settled in New Zealand. Hei-tikis are traditionally carved by hand from bone (commonly whale), nephrite or bowenite ; a lengthy and spiritual process. The Hei-tiki is now popular amongst tourists who can buy it from souvenir or jeweller shops.
Other than jewellery created through Māori influence, jewellery in New Zealand remains similar to other western civilizations; multi cultural and varied. This is more noticeable in New Zealand because of its high levels of non-European citizens. [ 35 ]
Modern
The modern jewellery movement began in the late 1940s at the end of World War II with a renewed interest in artistic and leisurely pursuits. The movement is most noted with works by Georg Jensen and other jewellery designers who advanced the concept of wearable art. The advent of new materials, such as plastics, Precious Metal Clay (PMC) and colouring techniques, has led to increased variety in styles. Other advances, such as the development of improved pearl harvesting by people such as Mikimoto Kōkichi and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite (a diamond simulant ), has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population.
The "jewellery as art" movement was spearheaded by artisans such as Robert Lee Morris and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in the UK. Influence from other cultural forms is also evident; one example of this is bling-bling style jewellery, popularized by hip-hop and rap artists in the early 21st century.
The late 20th century saw the blending of European design with oriental techniques such as Mokume-gane . The following are innovations in the decades stradling the year 2000: "Mokume-gane, hydraulic die forming, anti-clastic raising , fold-forming , reactive metal anodizing , shell forms, PMC , photoetching , and [use of] CAD/CAM ." [ 37 ]
Artisan jewellery continues to grow as both a hobby and a profession. With more than 17 United States periodicals about beading alone, resources, accessibility and a low initial cost of entry continues to expand production of hand-made adornments. Some fine examples of artisan jewellery can be seen at The Metropolitan Museum. [ 38 ]
Body modification
A Kayan girl in Northern Thailand.
Jewellery used in body modification is usually plain; the use of simple silver studs, rings and earrings predominates. Common jewellery pieces such as earrings, are themselves a form of body modification, as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear.
Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks. From as early as 5 years old, girls are introduced to their first neck ring. Over the years, more rings are added. In addition to the twenty-plus pounds of rings on her neck, a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves too. At their extent, some necks modified like this can reach 10-15 inches long; the practice has obvious health impacts, however, and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity. [ 39 ] Tribes related to the Paduang, as well as other cultures throughout the world, use jewellery to stretch their earlobes, or enlarge ear piercings. In the Americas, labrets have been worn since before first contact by Innu and First Nations peoples of the northwest coast. [ 40 ] Lip plates are worn by the African Mursi and Sara people , as well as some South American peoples.
In the late 20th century, the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures. Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects; thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred.
In many cultures, jewellery is used as a temporary body modifier, with in some cases, hooks or even objects as large as bike bars being placed into the recipient's skin. Although this procedure is often carried out by tribal or semi-tribal groups, often acting under a trance during religious ceremonies, this practise has seeped into western culture. Many extreme-jewellery shops now cater to people wanting large hooks or spikes set into their skin. Most often, these hooks are used in conjunction with pulleys to hoist the recipient into the air. This practice is said to give an erotic feeling to the person and some couples have even performed their marriage ceremony whilst being suspended by hooks. [ 39 ]
Jewellery market
According to a recent KPMG study [ 41 ] the largest jewellery market is the United States with a market share of 30.8%, Japan, India and China and the Middle East each with 8 - 9% and Italy with 5%. The authors of the study predict a dramatic change in market shares by 2015, where the market share of the United States will have dropped to around 25%, and China and India will increase theirs to over 13%. The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9%, whereas Europe's and Japan's marketshare will be halved and become less than 4% for Japan, and less than 3% for the biggest individual European countries: Italy and the UK.
See also
Gemology and Jewelry portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jewellery
Artisan
Art jewellery
Buttons
Etruscan jewellery
List of jewellery types
Costume jewellery
Fashion
Gemology
Gemstone
Goldsmithing
History of jewellery in Ukraine
Human physical appearance
Jewellery cleaning
Silversmithing
Murano glass
Murano beads
Watches
Wire sculpture jewellery
Handmade jewellery
Titanium ring jewellery
key cabinets
Cabinets usually have one or more doors on the front that are mounted with door hardware and occasionally a lock ; and may also contain drawers. Short cabinets often have a finished surface on top that can be used for display, or as a working surface such as the countertops found in kitchens.
A cabinet intended for clothing storage is usually called a wardrobe or an armoire (or a closet if built in). In previous centuries, such a cabinet was also known as a linen-press . In British usage, a wardrobe was occasionally referred to as an oakley [ citation needed ] , because of the oak wood used in its construction. In India , a cabinet is often referred to as an Almari .
Old cabinets
Cabinet in the [[Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde Erfurt|Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde, Erfurt ]]
Cupboard commissioned for the Concert Room of the Tuileries Palace
Colonial cabinet from Inés de Suárez
Cabinet in the Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde in Erfurt
References
See also
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cabinet .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: cabinet
Bathroom cabinet
Cabinet making
Chifforobe
Closet
Commode
Cupboard
Hoosier cabinet
Linen-press
Nightstand
Pantry
Wardrobe
Under-cabinet lighting
key cabinets
Cabinets usually have one or more doors on the front that are mounted with door hardware and occasionally a lock ; and may also contain drawers. Short cabinets often have a finished surface on top that can be used for display, or as a working surface such as the countertops found in kitchens.
A cabinet intended for clothing storage is usually called a wardrobe or an armoire (or a closet if built in). In previous centuries, such a cabinet was also known as a linen-press . In British usage, a wardrobe was occasionally referred to as an oakley [ citation needed ] , because of the oak wood used in its construction. In India , a cabinet is often referred to as an Almari .
Old cabinets
Cabinet in the [[Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde Erfurt|Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde, Erfurt ]]
Cupboard commissioned for the Concert Room of the Tuileries Palace
Colonial cabinet from Inés de Suárez
Cabinet in the Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde in Erfurt
References
See also
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cabinet .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: cabinet
Bathroom cabinet
Cabinet making
Chifforobe
Closet
Commode
Cupboard
Hoosier cabinet
Linen-press
Nightstand
Pantry
Wardrobe
Under-cabinet lighting
lake helen
Geography
Lake Helen is located at 28°59′0″N 81°13′58″W / 28.983333°N 81.23278°W / 28.983333; -81.23278 (28.983463, -81.232870) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 11.2 km² (4.3 mi²). 10.9 km² (4.2 mi²) of it is land and 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (2.31%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 2,743 people, 1,124 households, and 774 families residing in the city. The population density was 251.0/km² (650.1/mi²). There were 1,204 housing units at an average density of 110.2/km² (285.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 87.02% White , 10.68% African American , 0.29% Native American , 0.29% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 0.95% from other races , and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.95% of the population.
There were 1,124 households out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the city the population was spread out with 22.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,577, and the median income for a family was $39,688. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $22,774 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,158. About 7.5% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.
lake helen
Geography
Lake Helen is located at 28°59′0″N 81°13′58″W / 28.983333°N 81.23278°W / 28.983333; -81.23278 (28.983463, -81.232870) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 11.2 km² (4.3 mi²). 10.9 km² (4.2 mi²) of it is land and 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (2.31%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 2,743 people, 1,124 households, and 774 families residing in the city. The population density was 251.0/km² (650.1/mi²). There were 1,204 housing units at an average density of 110.2/km² (285.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 87.02% White , 10.68% African American , 0.29% Native American , 0.29% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 0.95% from other races , and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.95% of the population.
There were 1,124 households out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the city the population was spread out with 22.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,577, and the median income for a family was $39,688. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $22,774 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,158. About 7.5% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.
lock picking
Lock picking is only made possible by unavoidable mechanical machining errors in the fabrication of locks.
The move towards combination locks for high security items such as safes was intended to remove the weakest part of the lock: its keyhole.
In normal situations it is almost always easier to gain access by some means other than lock picking; most common locks can be quickly and easily opened using a drill, bolt cutters , padlock shim, a bump key or a hydraulic jack. The hasp, door, or fixture they are attached to can be cut, broken, unscrewed or otherwise removed, windows can be broken etc. Therefore a lock that offers high resistance to picking does not necessarily make unauthorized access more difficult, but will make surreptitious unauthorized access more difficult. Locks are often used in combination with alarms to provide layered security .
Some people enjoy picking locks recreationally. This may also be referred to as Locksport .
Lock pick kits can be purchased openly via the Internet. Many different selections are present. Nine-piece sets and a 32-piece set equipped with a Pick Gun for example differ in value and price greatly. However, many lock pickers state that for most simple locks, a basic set of five picks (or even a single pick) is enough; therefore it is unnecessary to carry around a wide variety of professional lock picks. Lockpicks can also be improvised from common items, or machined at home with relative ease. This is also the case with warded locks.
The process of picking pin/tumbler and wafer locks is concerned with causing the two sets of pins (upper or driver pins and bottom pins) to separate such that the cylinder will turn. The point at which the pins properly separate when the lock is unlocked is called the shearline.
This type represents the vast majority of American and European domestic locks, the UK being an exception where lever locks are generally a requirement for home insurance. A different tool set (such as the Hobbs pick) is required for more complex locks which are not easily fabricated.
Contents
1 Tools
1.1 Torsion wrench
1.2 Half-diamond pick
1.3 Hook pick
1.4 Ball pick
1.5 Rake picks
1.6 Slagel pick
1.7 Decoder pick
1.8 Bump keys
1.9 Warded pick
2 Pick guns
3 Anti picking methods
4 Legal status
4.1 United States
4.2 Canada
4.3 European Union
4.3.1 Netherlands
4.3.2 Poland
4.3.3 United Kingdom
4.4 New Zealand
5 Media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
//
Tools
Torsion wrench
A traditional pickset. From left to right: Torsion wrench, "twist-flex" torsion wrench, offset diamond pick, ball pick, half-diamond pick, short hook, medium hook, saw (or "L") rake, snake (or "C") rake.
The torsion wrench, often called a torque wrench or tension wrench, is used to apply torsion to the inner cylinder of a lock, in order to hold any picked pins in place, while the other pins are shifted. The torsion wrench is then used to turn the inner cylinder and open the lock. It is typically shaped like a letter "L" (although the vertical part of the letter is elongated in comparison to the horizontal part).
Despite its popular name, the tool provides torsion , not tension . A tension wrench would be, by definition, a tool that stretches something. A torsion wrench would be a tool that twists.
Some torsion wrenches (called "Feather Touch" wrenches, among other names) are coiled into a spring at the bend in the "L", which helps the user apply constant torque. Some users, however, maintain that such wrenches reduce torsion control and the feedback available to the user.
Other torsion tools, especially those for use with cars resemble a pair of tweezers and allow the user to apply torsion to both the top and the bottom of the lock. These would commonly be used with double sided wafer locks.
Also, high tech torsion tools exist which sit over the lock face allowing the user to see a display of the amount of torsion applied. This aids with the process of feeling when a pin has set since the torsion level will drop suddenly then spike again as the next pin sets.
The torsion tool is just as important as other tools in the set, but is often neglected and is rarely represented in fiction.
For avoidance of doubt, it is not possible to pick a pin/tumbler or wafer lock without a torsion tool, even with the use of a pick gun.
Half-diamond pick
Perhaps the most basic and common pick, this versatile pick is included in all kits and is mainly used for picking individual pins, but can also be used for raking and for wafer and disk locks. Each of the ends of the triangular 'half diamond' of this pick can be either steep or shallow in angle, depending on the need for picking without neighboring pins, or raking as appropriate. A normal set would comprise around three half diamond picks and a double half diamond pick.
Hook pick
The hook pick is similar to the half diamond pick, but has a hook shaped tip rather than a half diamond shape. The hook pick is sometimes referred to as a 'feeler' or 'finger' and is not used for raking. This is the most basic lock picking tool and is all that a professional will usually need if the lock is to be picked in the traditional sense rather than opened by raking or using a pickgun. A variety of different sized and shaped hooks will be available in a normal set.
Ball pick
The ball pick is similar to the half-diamond pick, except the end of the pick has a circular shape. This pick is commonly used to open wafer locks .
Rake picks
These picks, such as the common snake rake, are designed to 'rake' pins by rapidly sliding the pick past all the pins, repeatedly, in order to bounce the pins until they reach the shear line. This method requires much less skill than picking pins individually, and generally works well on cheaper locks.
When the pins are excited they bounce all around the shear line and with the skillful application of a torsion tool this is the easiest way to pick a lock. This is also how beginners start. Advance rakes are available which are shaped to mimic various different pin height key positions and are considerably easier to use than traditional rakes. Such rakes are typically machined from a template of common key configurations (since not all permutations of pin heights for adjacent pins are possible given the process by which keys are manufactured).
Slagel pick
The rarely used Slagel pick is mainly used for opening electronic locks . It is often made with small magnetic regions. The Slagel pick is named after James Slagel , a leading security technician for IBM. The Slagel pick works by selectively pulling internal parts of the lock to the correct positions. [ citation needed ]
Decoder pick
The decoder pick is a key which has been adapted such that the height of its notches can be changed, either by screwing them into the blade base or by adjusting them from the handle while the key is in the lock. This will allow not only access to the lock but also a template for cutting a replacement key.
Bump keys
The simplest way to open the majority of pin locks is to insert a key on which all pin position have been cut down to the lowest position and strike this key sharply with a hammer whilst applying turning force at just the right instant after the impact. The force of the blow is carried down the length of the key and (operating as does a Newton's Cradle ) will force the top pins only to jump above the shearline leaving the bottom pins in place. Some modern high security locks include bumping protection such as false setting pins and impact absorbent foam.
Warded pick
The warded pick, also known as a skeleton key , is used for opening warded locks . It is generally made to conform to a generalized key shape relatively simpler than the actual key used to open the lock; this simpler shape allows for internal manipulations. This style of pick can also be used to 'rip' the lock. This is where the pick is placed at the back of the lock and then pulled out in one sharp fast 'ripping' action.
The keys for warded locks only require the end section which is the one which actually open the locks. The other parts are there to distinguish between different variation of their locks. I.e if you have a chest of drawers with a warded lock you can make a skeleton key for that type of warded lock by filing away all but the last one or two teeth or bittings on both sides of the blade. Additionally, a series of grooves on either side of the key's blade limit the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock through the keyway , the wards align with the grooves in the key's profile to allow or deny entry into the lock cylinder.
Pick guns
A traditional electric pick gun powered by C-cell batteries.
A traditional manual pick gun that is used by pulling the trigger.
Often seen in movies and in the tool box of locksmiths, manual and electronic pick guns are a popular method used today for quick and easy ways of opening doors. The higher-end electric pick guns are usually made of aircraft aluminum and hard steel. The pick is operated by simply pressing a button that vibrates while the normal torsion wrench is being used. A manual pick gun (or Snap gun ) is used in a similar way but usually has a "trigger" that creates an upward movement which (like bumpkeys) operates on the same principle as Newton's cradle . They transfer sudden upwards energy to the bottom pins which communicate this to the top pins causing those pins only simultaneously to jump. A pick gun is used in conjunction with a torsion tool and the only skill required here is learning the timing.
Manual pick guns come in both 'up' and 'down' varieties and were patented in the 1920s making them a staple of the film noir and detective fiction generally.
Anti picking methods
To prevent picking of locks numerous methods have been employed throughout history including the firing of spring loaded knives and electrocution as well as locks which will need to be reset with a master key if they have been unsuccessfully picked.
Today anti picking methods include the use of side wards (which obstruct the key way) and security pins. These are pins which are shaped like a spool, mushroom, or barrel with the effect that they feel as though they have set when in fact they have not. Overcoming these pins involves reverse picking (the process of first setting all pins above the shear line and gradually reducing torsion.)
Legal status
United States
In the United States , laws concerning possession of lock picks vary from state to state. Generally, possession and use of lock picks is considered equivalent to the possession of a crowbar or any other tool that may or may not be used in a burglary. Illegal possession of lock picks is generally prosecuted as a felony under the category of possession of burglary tools or similar statutes. In many states, simple possession is completely legal as their statutes require proof of intent.
In California , locksmiths must be licensed by the state. [ 1 ] However possession by laymen may be legal there and in most states, as illegal possession must be coupled with felonious or malicious intent. [ 2 ] This is also the case in Utah , [ 3 ] Massachusetts , Maine , New Hampshire , Washington, DC , [ 4 ] and New York .
Canada
In Canada , possession of lock picking tools, with the exception of key duplication tools, is legal. Lock pick tools fit in the same category as crowbars or hammers, meaning they are legal to possess and use unless they are used to commit a crime or if it is shown there was "intention to commit a crime" in which case "Possession of tools with the intention of committing a crime" applies - which carries a maximum penalty of 10 years in jail. See Part VIII - Section 351 [ 5 ]
European Union
Most countries of the European Union do not regulate the possession of lock picks. All responsibility concerning criminal or legal acts using the picks is taken by the user of the lock picks, while the owner of the lock picks may be involved in the jurisdiction or legal process as an accomplice or witness .
Netherlands
In the Netherlands , owning lock picks is legal, but using them on someone else's locks without permission is not. There is a lock picking championship, the Dutch Open (organised by TOOOL ), which was reported on in the newspapers. [ 6 ]
Poland
In Poland according to Article 129/1 of the Criminal Code:
possessing, producing or obtaining a lockpick by a person whose profession and occupation does not require it;
delivering a lockpick to a person whose profession and occupation does not require it;
[…]
is punishable with arrest, freedom limitation or fine. Paragraph 3 says that a lockpick is forfeited even if it was not the property of the principal.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom , a person who carries a lock pick set (even a home made one) could potentially be prosecuted [ 7 ] . The penalty for this can be upward of 5 years' imprisonment. Police are familiar with those who perform the picking of locks as a part-time hobby and are almost instantly pardoned unless there is clear proof of criminal intent [ citation needed ] .
New Zealand
In New Zealand lock picking tools are not illegal, but possession with the intent to use them for burglary carries a potential penalty of three years in prison. [ 8 ]
Media
When lockpicking is shown in films and television shows, the tension wrench is almost always omitted. Picking a pin and tumbler lock without torsion is impossible unless the lock was nonfunctional to begin with, as the pins only prevent the tumbler from being rotated.
In some modern dramas (such as Fox 's 24 ) in which realistic depiction of events is favored, the pick-and-wrench technique is fully shown (albeit often executed in a second or two, which does not accurately reflect the luck involved with raking an unfamiliar lock).
Harry Caul rakes a lock open in The Conversation (1974), and the used tools are clearly visible.
Although there do exist raking tools in which a single element may be used to open a lock (such as automobile "tryout" keys), these are rarely used in media depictions, and almost as rarely used in real life. The broad width of these picks allows for the necessary application of torque, just as an external source of torque is not required when using a standard key.
In the video game Splinter Cell: Double Agent the player is able to pick locks using a torsion wrench and a hook pick. This is a fairly realistic depiction of how actual lock picking is performed.
See also
Hotwiring
Physical Security
Safe-cracking
Security
Snap gun
Locksport
Lock bumping
lock picking
Lock picking is only made possible by unavoidable mechanical machining errors in the fabrication of locks.
The move towards combination locks for high security items such as safes was intended to remove the weakest part of the lock: its keyhole.
In normal situations it is almost always easier to gain access by some means other than lock picking; most common locks can be quickly and easily opened using a drill, bolt cutters , padlock shim, a bump key or a hydraulic jack. The hasp, door, or fixture they are attached to can be cut, broken, unscrewed or otherwise removed, windows can be broken etc. Therefore a lock that offers high resistance to picking does not necessarily make unauthorized access more difficult, but will make surreptitious unauthorized access more difficult. Locks are often used in combination with alarms to provide layered security .
Some people enjoy picking locks recreationally. This may also be referred to as Locksport .
Lock pick kits can be purchased openly via the Internet. Many different selections are present. Nine-piece sets and a 32-piece set equipped with a Pick Gun for example differ in value and price greatly. However, many lock pickers state that for most simple locks, a basic set of five picks (or even a single pick) is enough; therefore it is unnecessary to carry around a wide variety of professional lock picks. Lockpicks can also be improvised from common items, or machined at home with relative ease. This is also the case with warded locks.
The process of picking pin/tumbler and wafer locks is concerned with causing the two sets of pins (upper or driver pins and bottom pins) to separate such that the cylinder will turn. The point at which the pins properly separate when the lock is unlocked is called the shearline.
This type represents the vast majority of American and European domestic locks, the UK being an exception where lever locks are generally a requirement for home insurance. A different tool set (such as the Hobbs pick) is required for more complex locks which are not easily fabricated.
Contents
1 Tools
1.1 Torsion wrench
1.2 Half-diamond pick
1.3 Hook pick
1.4 Ball pick
1.5 Rake picks
1.6 Slagel pick
1.7 Decoder pick
1.8 Bump keys
1.9 Warded pick
2 Pick guns
3 Anti picking methods
4 Legal status
4.1 United States
4.2 Canada
4.3 European Union
4.3.1 Netherlands
4.3.2 Poland
4.3.3 United Kingdom
4.4 New Zealand
5 Media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
//
Tools
Torsion wrench
A traditional pickset. From left to right: Torsion wrench, "twist-flex" torsion wrench, offset diamond pick, ball pick, half-diamond pick, short hook, medium hook, saw (or "L") rake, snake (or "C") rake.
The torsion wrench, often called a torque wrench or tension wrench, is used to apply torsion to the inner cylinder of a lock, in order to hold any picked pins in place, while the other pins are shifted. The torsion wrench is then used to turn the inner cylinder and open the lock. It is typically shaped like a letter "L" (although the vertical part of the letter is elongated in comparison to the horizontal part).
Despite its popular name, the tool provides torsion , not tension . A tension wrench would be, by definition, a tool that stretches something. A torsion wrench would be a tool that twists.
Some torsion wrenches (called "Feather Touch" wrenches, among other names) are coiled into a spring at the bend in the "L", which helps the user apply constant torque. Some users, however, maintain that such wrenches reduce torsion control and the feedback available to the user.
Other torsion tools, especially those for use with cars resemble a pair of tweezers and allow the user to apply torsion to both the top and the bottom of the lock. These would commonly be used with double sided wafer locks.
Also, high tech torsion tools exist which sit over the lock face allowing the user to see a display of the amount of torsion applied. This aids with the process of feeling when a pin has set since the torsion level will drop suddenly then spike again as the next pin sets.
The torsion tool is just as important as other tools in the set, but is often neglected and is rarely represented in fiction.
For avoidance of doubt, it is not possible to pick a pin/tumbler or wafer lock without a torsion tool, even with the use of a pick gun.
Half-diamond pick
Perhaps the most basic and common pick, this versatile pick is included in all kits and is mainly used for picking individual pins, but can also be used for raking and for wafer and disk locks. Each of the ends of the triangular 'half diamond' of this pick can be either steep or shallow in angle, depending on the need for picking without neighboring pins, or raking as appropriate. A normal set would comprise around three half diamond picks and a double half diamond pick.
Hook pick
The hook pick is similar to the half diamond pick, but has a hook shaped tip rather than a half diamond shape. The hook pick is sometimes referred to as a 'feeler' or 'finger' and is not used for raking. This is the most basic lock picking tool and is all that a professional will usually need if the lock is to be picked in the traditional sense rather than opened by raking or using a pickgun. A variety of different sized and shaped hooks will be available in a normal set.
Ball pick
The ball pick is similar to the half-diamond pick, except the end of the pick has a circular shape. This pick is commonly used to open wafer locks .
Rake picks
These picks, such as the common snake rake, are designed to 'rake' pins by rapidly sliding the pick past all the pins, repeatedly, in order to bounce the pins until they reach the shear line. This method requires much less skill than picking pins individually, and generally works well on cheaper locks.
When the pins are excited they bounce all around the shear line and with the skillful application of a torsion tool this is the easiest way to pick a lock. This is also how beginners start. Advance rakes are available which are shaped to mimic various different pin height key positions and are considerably easier to use than traditional rakes. Such rakes are typically machined from a template of common key configurations (since not all permutations of pin heights for adjacent pins are possible given the process by which keys are manufactured).
Slagel pick
The rarely used Slagel pick is mainly used for opening electronic locks . It is often made with small magnetic regions. The Slagel pick is named after James Slagel , a leading security technician for IBM. The Slagel pick works by selectively pulling internal parts of the lock to the correct positions. [ citation needed ]
Decoder pick
The decoder pick is a key which has been adapted such that the height of its notches can be changed, either by screwing them into the blade base or by adjusting them from the handle while the key is in the lock. This will allow not only access to the lock but also a template for cutting a replacement key.
Bump keys
The simplest way to open the majority of pin locks is to insert a key on which all pin position have been cut down to the lowest position and strike this key sharply with a hammer whilst applying turning force at just the right instant after the impact. The force of the blow is carried down the length of the key and (operating as does a Newton's Cradle ) will force the top pins only to jump above the shearline leaving the bottom pins in place. Some modern high security locks include bumping protection such as false setting pins and impact absorbent foam.
Warded pick
The warded pick, also known as a skeleton key , is used for opening warded locks . It is generally made to conform to a generalized key shape relatively simpler than the actual key used to open the lock; this simpler shape allows for internal manipulations. This style of pick can also be used to 'rip' the lock. This is where the pick is placed at the back of the lock and then pulled out in one sharp fast 'ripping' action.
The keys for warded locks only require the end section which is the one which actually open the locks. The other parts are there to distinguish between different variation of their locks. I.e if you have a chest of drawers with a warded lock you can make a skeleton key for that type of warded lock by filing away all but the last one or two teeth or bittings on both sides of the blade. Additionally, a series of grooves on either side of the key's blade limit the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock through the keyway , the wards align with the grooves in the key's profile to allow or deny entry into the lock cylinder.
Pick guns
A traditional electric pick gun powered by C-cell batteries.
A traditional manual pick gun that is used by pulling the trigger.
Often seen in movies and in the tool box of locksmiths, manual and electronic pick guns are a popular method used today for quick and easy ways of opening doors. The higher-end electric pick guns are usually made of aircraft aluminum and hard steel. The pick is operated by simply pressing a button that vibrates while the normal torsion wrench is being used. A manual pick gun (or Snap gun ) is used in a similar way but usually has a "trigger" that creates an upward movement which (like bumpkeys) operates on the same principle as Newton's cradle . They transfer sudden upwards energy to the bottom pins which communicate this to the top pins causing those pins only simultaneously to jump. A pick gun is used in conjunction with a torsion tool and the only skill required here is learning the timing.
Manual pick guns come in both 'up' and 'down' varieties and were patented in the 1920s making them a staple of the film noir and detective fiction generally.
Anti picking methods
To prevent picking of locks numerous methods have been employed throughout history including the firing of spring loaded knives and electrocution as well as locks which will need to be reset with a master key if they have been unsuccessfully picked.
Today anti picking methods include the use of side wards (which obstruct the key way) and security pins. These are pins which are shaped like a spool, mushroom, or barrel with the effect that they feel as though they have set when in fact they have not. Overcoming these pins involves reverse picking (the process of first setting all pins above the shear line and gradually reducing torsion.)
Legal status
United States
In the United States , laws concerning possession of lock picks vary from state to state. Generally, possession and use of lock picks is considered equivalent to the possession of a crowbar or any other tool that may or may not be used in a burglary. Illegal possession of lock picks is generally prosecuted as a felony under the category of possession of burglary tools or similar statutes. In many states, simple possession is completely legal as their statutes require proof of intent.
In California , locksmiths must be licensed by the state. [ 1 ] However possession by laymen may be legal there and in most states, as illegal possession must be coupled with felonious or malicious intent. [ 2 ] This is also the case in Utah , [ 3 ] Massachusetts , Maine , New Hampshire , Washington, DC , [ 4 ] and New York .
Canada
In Canada , possession of lock picking tools, with the exception of key duplication tools, is legal. Lock pick tools fit in the same category as crowbars or hammers, meaning they are legal to possess and use unless they are used to commit a crime or if it is shown there was "intention to commit a crime" in which case "Possession of tools with the intention of committing a crime" applies - which carries a maximum penalty of 10 years in jail. See Part VIII - Section 351 [ 5 ]
European Union
Most countries of the European Union do not regulate the possession of lock picks. All responsibility concerning criminal or legal acts using the picks is taken by the user of the lock picks, while the owner of the lock picks may be involved in the jurisdiction or legal process as an accomplice or witness .
Netherlands
In the Netherlands , owning lock picks is legal, but using them on someone else's locks without permission is not. There is a lock picking championship, the Dutch Open (organised by TOOOL ), which was reported on in the newspapers. [ 6 ]
Poland
In Poland according to Article 129/1 of the Criminal Code:
possessing, producing or obtaining a lockpick by a person whose profession and occupation does not require it;
delivering a lockpick to a person whose profession and occupation does not require it;
[…]
is punishable with arrest, freedom limitation or fine. Paragraph 3 says that a lockpick is forfeited even if it was not the property of the principal.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom , a person who carries a lock pick set (even a home made one) could potentially be prosecuted [ 7 ] . The penalty for this can be upward of 5 years' imprisonment. Police are familiar with those who perform the picking of locks as a part-time hobby and are almost instantly pardoned unless there is clear proof of criminal intent [ citation needed ] .
New Zealand
In New Zealand lock picking tools are not illegal, but possession with the intent to use them for burglary carries a potential penalty of three years in prison. [ 8 ]
Media
When lockpicking is shown in films and television shows, the tension wrench is almost always omitted. Picking a pin and tumbler lock without torsion is impossible unless the lock was nonfunctional to begin with, as the pins only prevent the tumbler from being rotated.
In some modern dramas (such as Fox 's 24 ) in which realistic depiction of events is favored, the pick-and-wrench technique is fully shown (albeit often executed in a second or two, which does not accurately reflect the luck involved with raking an unfamiliar lock).
Harry Caul rakes a lock open in The Conversation (1974), and the used tools are clearly visible.
Although there do exist raking tools in which a single element may be used to open a lock (such as automobile "tryout" keys), these are rarely used in media depictions, and almost as rarely used in real life. The broad width of these picks allows for the necessary application of torque, just as an external source of torque is not required when using a standard key.
In the video game Splinter Cell: Double Agent the player is able to pick locks using a torsion wrench and a hook pick. This is a fairly realistic depiction of how actual lock picking is performed.
See also
Hotwiring
Physical Security
Safe-cracking
Security
Snap gun
Locksport
Lock bumping
mortise cylinders
The parts included in the typical mortise lock installation are the lock body (the part installed inside the mortise cut-out in the door); the lock trim (which may be selected from any number of designs of doorknobs , levers , handle sets and pulls); a strike plate , or a box keep, which lines the hole in the frame into which the bolt fits; and the keyed cylinder which operates the locking/unlocking function of the lock body. However, in the United Kingdom, and most other countries, mortise locks on dwellings do not use cylinders, but have lever mechanisms.
The installation of a mortise lock cannot generally be undertaken by the average homeowner since it is labor intensive and requires a working knowledge of basic woodworking tools and methods. Many installation specialists use a mortising jig which makes precise cutting of the pocket a simple operation, but the subsequent installation of the external trim can still prove problematic if the installer is inexperienced.
Although the installation of a mortise lock actually weakens the structure of the typical timber door, it is stronger and more versatile than a bored cylindrical lock , both in external trim, and functionality. Whereas the latter mechanism lacks the architecture required for ornate and solid-cast knobs and levers, the mortise lock can accommodate a heavier return spring and a more solid internal mechanism, making its use possible. Furthermore, a mortise lock typically accepts a wide range of other manufacturers' cylinders and accessories, allowing architectural conformity with lock hardware already on site.
Some of the most common manufacturers of mortise locks in the United States are Arrow, Baldwin , Best, Corbin Russwin, Emtek , Falcon, Schlage , and Sargent . Also, many European manufacturers whose products had been restricted to "designer" installations have recently gained wider acceptance and use.
A mortise lock (also mortice lock in British English ) is one that requires a pocket—the mortise—to be cut into the door or piece of furniture into which the lock is to be fitted. In most parts of the world, mortise locks are generally found on older buildings constructed before the advent of bored cylindrical locks , but they have recently become more common in commercial and upmarket residential construction in the United States.
The parts included in the typical mortise lock installation are the lock body (the part installed inside the mortise cut-out in the door); the lock trim (which may be selected from any number of designs of doorknobs , levers , handle sets and pulls); a strike plate , or a box keep, which lines the hole in the frame into which the bolt fits; and the keyed cylinder which operates the locking/unlocking function of the lock body. However, in the United Kingdom, and most other countries, mortise locks on dwellings do not use cylinders, but have lever mechanisms.
The installation of a mortise lock cannot generally be undertaken by the average homeowner since it is labor intensive and requires a working knowledge of basic woodworking tools and methods. Many installation specialists use a mortising jig which makes precise cutting of the pocket a simple operation, but the subsequent installation of the external trim can still prove problematic if the installer is inexperienced.
Although the installation of a mortise lock actually weakens the structure of the typical timber door, it is stronger and more versatile than a bored cylindrical lock , both in external trim, and functionality. Whereas the latter mechanism lacks the architecture required for ornate and solid-cast knobs and levers, the mortise lock can accommodate a heavier return spring and a more solid internal mechanism, making its use possible. Furthermore, a mortise lock typically accepts a wide range of other manufacturers' cylinders and accessories, allowing architectural conformity with lock hardware already on site.
Some of the most common manufacturers of mortise locks in the United States are Arrow, Baldwin , Best, Corbin Russwin, Emtek , Falcon, Schlage , and Sargent . Also, many European manufacturers whose products had been restricted to "designer" installations have recently gained wider acceptance and use.
mortise cylinders
The parts included in the typical mortise lock installation are the lock body (the part installed inside the mortise cut-out in the door); the lock trim (which may be selected from any number of designs of doorknobs , levers , handle sets and pulls); a strike plate , or a box keep, which lines the hole in the frame into which the bolt fits; and the keyed cylinder which operates the locking/unlocking function of the lock body. However, in the United Kingdom, and most other countries, mortise locks on dwellings do not use cylinders, but have lever mechanisms.
The installation of a mortise lock cannot generally be undertaken by the average homeowner since it is labor intensive and requires a working knowledge of basic woodworking tools and methods. Many installation specialists use a mortising jig which makes precise cutting of the pocket a simple operation, but the subsequent installation of the external trim can still prove problematic if the installer is inexperienced.
Although the installation of a mortise lock actually weakens the structure of the typical timber door, it is stronger and more versatile than a bored cylindrical lock , both in external trim, and functionality. Whereas the latter mechanism lacks the architecture required for ornate and solid-cast knobs and levers, the mortise lock can accommodate a heavier return spring and a more solid internal mechanism, making its use possible. Furthermore, a mortise lock typically accepts a wide range of other manufacturers' cylinders and accessories, allowing architectural conformity with lock hardware already on site.
Some of the most common manufacturers of mortise locks in the United States are Arrow, Baldwin , Best, Corbin Russwin, Emtek , Falcon, Schlage , and Sargent . Also, many European manufacturers whose products had been restricted to "designer" installations have recently gained wider acceptance and use.
A mortise lock (also mortice lock in British English ) is one that requires a pocket—the mortise—to be cut into the door or piece of furniture into which the lock is to be fitted. In most parts of the world, mortise locks are generally found on older buildings constructed before the advent of bored cylindrical locks , but they have recently become more common in commercial and upmarket residential construction in the United States.
The parts included in the typical mortise lock installation are the lock body (the part installed inside the mortise cut-out in the door); the lock trim (which may be selected from any number of designs of doorknobs , levers , handle sets and pulls); a strike plate , or a box keep, which lines the hole in the frame into which the bolt fits; and the keyed cylinder which operates the locking/unlocking function of the lock body. However, in the United Kingdom, and most other countries, mortise locks on dwellings do not use cylinders, but have lever mechanisms.
The installation of a mortise lock cannot generally be undertaken by the average homeowner since it is labor intensive and requires a working knowledge of basic woodworking tools and methods. Many installation specialists use a mortising jig which makes precise cutting of the pocket a simple operation, but the subsequent installation of the external trim can still prove problematic if the installer is inexperienced.
Although the installation of a mortise lock actually weakens the structure of the typical timber door, it is stronger and more versatile than a bored cylindrical lock , both in external trim, and functionality. Whereas the latter mechanism lacks the architecture required for ornate and solid-cast knobs and levers, the mortise lock can accommodate a heavier return spring and a more solid internal mechanism, making its use possible. Furthermore, a mortise lock typically accepts a wide range of other manufacturers' cylinders and accessories, allowing architectural conformity with lock hardware already on site.
Some of the most common manufacturers of mortise locks in the United States are Arrow, Baldwin , Best, Corbin Russwin, Emtek , Falcon, Schlage , and Sargent . Also, many European manufacturers whose products had been restricted to "designer" installations have recently gained wider acceptance and use.
New Smyrna
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Demographics
5 Education
5.1 Elementary schools
5.2 Middle schools
5.3 High schools
6 Arts
7 Shark attacks
8 Government
9 Notable residents
10 References
11 External links
//
History
Dr. Andrew Turnbull
The area was settled in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull established the colony of "New Smyrna." The colony occupies a notable place in history by being the single largest attempt by a member of the British Crown at colonization in the New World . Turnbull transplanted around 1500 settlers, from Minorca , Majorca , Ibiza , Smyrna , Crete , Mani Peninsula , and Sicily , to grow hemp , sugarcane , indigo , and to produce rum . The colony suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids; and tensions grew due to mistreatment by Turnbull. Due to these complications, the remaining colonists marched north to St. Augustine along the Old King's Highway , to claim mistreatment by Turnbull to the Governor of Florida in St. Augustine in 1777; then a British protectorate. [ 4 ] . Soon after, St. Augustine was returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony for life in Charleston, South Carolina .
The St. Photios National Shrine on St. John's Street in St. Augustine, Florida, honors the settlers of New Smyrna, who were the first Greek Orthodox followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the Chapel tells the moving story of their plight in great detail, with accompanying exhibits. [ 5 ]
The area was then only sparsely populated due to the frequent raids by Seminole Indians. During the American Civil War in the 1860s the still-standing "Stone Wharf" was shelled by Union gunboats. In 1887, the Town of New Smyrna was incorporated with a population of 150. In 1892, the arrival of Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway lead to an increase in the area's population and a boom in its economy, which was based on tourism, citrus, and commercial fishing industries.
During prohibition in the 1920s the city and its river islands were popular sites for moonshine stills and hideouts for rumrunners coming in from the Bahamas through Mosquito Inlet, now Ponce de León Inlet . "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a bustling resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents, with over 1,000,000 visitors annually.
Like its Spanish partner to the north, St. Augustine, New Smyrna has stood under four flags: first the British, then the Spanish, then the American flag in 1845, followed by the Confederate Jack, and finally replaced the Stars and Stripes again.
See also: New Smyrna Beach Historic District
The Ocean House c. 1906
Bank corner in 1914
Battle-scarred tree in 1909
Whales on beach in 1908
Geography
New Smyrna Beach is located at 29°01′50″N 80°55′31″W / 29.030563°N 80.925307°W / 29.030563; -80.925307 (29.030563, -80.925307). [ 6 ] The city's motto is "cygnus inter anates", which is Latin for "a swan among ducks." [ citation needed ] The city is located in the Fun Coast region of the state of Florida.
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 79.7 km 2 (30.8 mi 2 ). 71.7 km 2 (27.7 mi 2 ) of it is land and 8.0 km 2 (3.1 mi 2 ) of it (10.04%) is water. The city is bordered by the city of Port Orange to the northwest, unincorporated Volusia County the north, the census designated place of Samsula-Spruce Creek to the west, and the city of Edgewater , Bethune Beach , and the Canaveral National Seashore to the south. Bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , New Smyrna Beach is on the Indian River .
The city is crossed by Interstate 95 , U.S. Route 1 , U.S. Route 1A , Florida State Road 5 , Florida State Road 44 and Florida State Road 442 .
Climate
New Smyrna Beach
Like the rest of Florida north of Lake Okeechobee , New Smyrna Beach enjoys a humid subtropical (Koppen, Cfa) climate characterized by hot, humid summers and mild, mostly dry winters. New Smyrna Beach, like many coastal locations on peninsular Florida, is also home to several tropical microclimates where Coconut Palm and Banana can grow to maturity and fruit. Although four seasons are thought to be present by some, this area is normally dominated by two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from April until November, and the shorter dry season, from November to March. Spring and autumn are normally too subtle to be noticed as the majority of trees here are not deciduous, and therefore do not lose their leaves. Although it can be chilly and damp during the winter, the temperatures very rarely drop below freezing, and temperatures usually remain comfortable during the winter. The city has only recorded snowfall three times in its 250 year history. The summers, on the other hand, are very long and hot, with ferocious thunderstorms in the afternoon, as central Florida is the lightning capital of the Americas. The growing season is twelve months, USDA hardiness zone is 9b. Dangers include hurricanes from June until November, and Nor'easters in the winter.
Demographics
Cathedral oaks in 1909
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 20,048 people, 9,839 households, and 5,844 families residing in the city. The population density was 279.5/km 2 (724.1/mi 2 ). There were 13,618 housing units at an average density of 189.9/km 2 (491.9/mi 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.57% White , 6.27% African American , 0.33% Native American , 0.50% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.31% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population.
There were 9,839 households, out of which 14.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.52.
In the city the population was spread out with 13.9% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 19.6% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 34.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,372, and the median income for a family was $43,409. Males had a median income of $29,544 versus $25,706 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,547. About 7.3% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
City Hall
Education
All public Education is run by Volusia County Schools .
Elementary schools
Chisholm Elementary
Coronado Beach Elementary
Read-Pattillo Elementary
Sacred Heart Elementary (Private)
Middle schools
New Smyrna Beach Middle School
High schools
New Smyrna Beach High School
Arts
Atlantic Center for the Arts
This section does not cite any references or sources .
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2009)
Named one of "America's Top Small Cities for The Arts," [ citation needed ] New Smyrna Beach is home to the Atlantic Center for the Arts , an artists-in-residence community and educational facility, the Harris House, the Little Theatre and Arts on Douglas. [ citation needed ] Arts shows featuring visual and performing arts occur throughout the year. [ citation needed ]
Shark attacks
According to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida, Volusia County Florida had more confirmed shark bites than any other region in the world in 2007. [ 7 ] Experts from the University of Florida have referred to the county as having the "dubious distinction as the world’s shark bite capital". [ 8 ] This trend has continued into 2008 with 19 confirmed shark attacks as of September. [ 9 ] In early 2008, Forbes Magazine rated New Smyrna Beach North America's top shark attack beach over North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii. In 2008, it again broke its own record with 24 shark bites. In December 2008, Maxim magazine ran an article called Shark Beach , that pointed out New Smyrna's dubious distinction. [ 10 ]
Government
Elected city government officials include:
Adam Barringer – Mayor
Judy Reiker – Zone 1 Commissioner
J.S. Grasty – Zone 2 Commissioner
James W. Hathaway – Zone 3 Commissioner
Lynne Plaskett – Zone 4 Commissioner
Notable residents
This section does not cite any references or sources .
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2009)
New Smyrna Sugar Mill Ruins
New Smyrna Museum of History
Aaron Cormican , Professional Surfer
Joseph Barbara , actor
Dallas Baker , football player
Tony Stevens , bass guitarist for British band Foghat
Emory L. Bennett , decorated soldier
The Beu Sisters , musical group
Laura Alicia Brown , golfer
Al Capone , gangster and crime boss
Truett Cathy , restaurant franchise founder and author
Wes Chandler , football player
Joyce Cusack , politician
Johnny Damon , baseball player
David Faustino , child actor
Darrell Fullington , football player
Kathie Lee Gifford , talk show host
Suzanne Kosmas , congresswoman
Walter M. Miller, Jr. , science fiction writer
Jack Mitchell , photographer
Harold Nichols , football player
Bob Ross painter and philanthropist, died in New Smyrna Beach
Sarah Stewart , cancer researcher
John Travolta , actor
Daniel Veltri , chef and winner of Hell's Kitchen
Neil Young , musician/songwriter
References
^ a b "American FactFinder" . United States Census Bureau . http://factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Board on Geographic Names" . United States Geological Survey . 2007-10-25 . http://geonames.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "Annual Estimates of the Population For Incorporated Places in Florida, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (.xls). U.S. Census Bureau . July 10, 2008 . http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-04-12.xls . Retrieved April 2, 2009 .
^ http://www.stphotios.com/tour.html
^ http://www.stphotios.com/tour.html
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990" . United States Census Bureau . 2005-05-03 . http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ [3]
^ [4]
External links
City of New Smyrna Beach
New Smyrna Beach Public Library
New Smyrna Beach Museum of History
Atlantic Center for the Arts
New Smyrna Beach Area Visitors Bureau Official tourism information
New Smyrna Beach travel guide from Wikitravel
New Smyrna
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Demographics
5 Education
5.1 Elementary schools
5.2 Middle schools
5.3 High schools
6 Arts
7 Shark attacks
8 Government
9 Notable residents
10 References
11 External links
//
History
Dr. Andrew Turnbull
The area was settled in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull established the colony of "New Smyrna." The colony occupies a notable place in history by being the single largest attempt by a member of the British Crown at colonization in the New World . Turnbull transplanted around 1500 settlers, from Minorca , Majorca , Ibiza , Smyrna , Crete , Mani Peninsula , and Sicily , to grow hemp , sugarcane , indigo , and to produce rum . The colony suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids; and tensions grew due to mistreatment by Turnbull. Due to these complications, the remaining colonists marched north to St. Augustine along the Old King's Highway , to claim mistreatment by Turnbull to the Governor of Florida in St. Augustine in 1777; then a British protectorate. [ 4 ] . Soon after, St. Augustine was returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony for life in Charleston, South Carolina .
The St. Photios National Shrine on St. John's Street in St. Augustine, Florida, honors the settlers of New Smyrna, who were the first Greek Orthodox followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the Chapel tells the moving story of their plight in great detail, with accompanying exhibits. [ 5 ]
The area was then only sparsely populated due to the frequent raids by Seminole Indians. During the American Civil War in the 1860s the still-standing "Stone Wharf" was shelled by Union gunboats. In 1887, the Town of New Smyrna was incorporated with a population of 150. In 1892, the arrival of Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway lead to an increase in the area's population and a boom in its economy, which was based on tourism, citrus, and commercial fishing industries.
During prohibition in the 1920s the city and its river islands were popular sites for moonshine stills and hideouts for rumrunners coming in from the Bahamas through Mosquito Inlet, now Ponce de León Inlet . "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a bustling resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents, with over 1,000,000 visitors annually.
Like its Spanish partner to the north, St. Augustine, New Smyrna has stood under four flags: first the British, then the Spanish, then the American flag in 1845, followed by the Confederate Jack, and finally replaced the Stars and Stripes again.
See also: New Smyrna Beach Historic District
The Ocean House c. 1906
Bank corner in 1914
Battle-scarred tree in 1909
Whales on beach in 1908
Geography
New Smyrna Beach is located at 29°01′50″N 80°55′31″W / 29.030563°N 80.925307°W / 29.030563; -80.925307 (29.030563, -80.925307). [ 6 ] The city's motto is "cygnus inter anates", which is Latin for "a swan among ducks." [ citation needed ] The city is located in the Fun Coast region of the state of Florida.
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 79.7 km 2 (30.8 mi 2 ). 71.7 km 2 (27.7 mi 2 ) of it is land and 8.0 km 2 (3.1 mi 2 ) of it (10.04%) is water. The city is bordered by the city of Port Orange to the northwest, unincorporated Volusia County the north, the census designated place of Samsula-Spruce Creek to the west, and the city of Edgewater , Bethune Beach , and the Canaveral National Seashore to the south. Bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , New Smyrna Beach is on the Indian River .
The city is crossed by Interstate 95 , U.S. Route 1 , U.S. Route 1A , Florida State Road 5 , Florida State Road 44 and Florida State Road 442 .
Climate
New Smyrna Beach
Like the rest of Florida north of Lake Okeechobee , New Smyrna Beach enjoys a humid subtropical (Koppen, Cfa) climate characterized by hot, humid summers and mild, mostly dry winters. New Smyrna Beach, like many coastal locations on peninsular Florida, is also home to several tropical microclimates where Coconut Palm and Banana can grow to maturity and fruit. Although four seasons are thought to be present by some, this area is normally dominated by two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from April until November, and the shorter dry season, from November to March. Spring and autumn are normally too subtle to be noticed as the majority of trees here are not deciduous, and therefore do not lose their leaves. Although it can be chilly and damp during the winter, the temperatures very rarely drop below freezing, and temperatures usually remain comfortable during the winter. The city has only recorded snowfall three times in its 250 year history. The summers, on the other hand, are very long and hot, with ferocious thunderstorms in the afternoon, as central Florida is the lightning capital of the Americas. The growing season is twelve months, USDA hardiness zone is 9b. Dangers include hurricanes from June until November, and Nor'easters in the winter.
Demographics
Cathedral oaks in 1909
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 20,048 people, 9,839 households, and 5,844 families residing in the city. The population density was 279.5/km 2 (724.1/mi 2 ). There were 13,618 housing units at an average density of 189.9/km 2 (491.9/mi 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.57% White , 6.27% African American , 0.33% Native American , 0.50% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.31% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population.
There were 9,839 households, out of which 14.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.52.
In the city the population was spread out with 13.9% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 19.6% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 34.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,372, and the median income for a family was $43,409. Males had a median income of $29,544 versus $25,706 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,547. About 7.3% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
City Hall
Education
All public Education is run by Volusia County Schools .
Elementary schools
Chisholm Elementary
Coronado Beach Elementary
Read-Pattillo Elementary
Sacred Heart Elementary (Private)
Middle schools
New Smyrna Beach Middle School
High schools
New Smyrna Beach High School
Arts
Atlantic Center for the Arts
This section does not cite any references or sources .
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2009)
Named one of "America's Top Small Cities for The Arts," [ citation needed ] New Smyrna Beach is home to the Atlantic Center for the Arts , an artists-in-residence community and educational facility, the Harris House, the Little Theatre and Arts on Douglas. [ citation needed ] Arts shows featuring visual and performing arts occur throughout the year. [ citation needed ]
Shark attacks
According to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida, Volusia County Florida had more confirmed shark bites than any other region in the world in 2007. [ 7 ] Experts from the University of Florida have referred to the county as having the "dubious distinction as the world’s shark bite capital". [ 8 ] This trend has continued into 2008 with 19 confirmed shark attacks as of September. [ 9 ] In early 2008, Forbes Magazine rated New Smyrna Beach North America's top shark attack beach over North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii. In 2008, it again broke its own record with 24 shark bites. In December 2008, Maxim magazine ran an article called Shark Beach , that pointed out New Smyrna's dubious distinction. [ 10 ]
Government
Elected city government officials include:
Adam Barringer – Mayor
Judy Reiker – Zone 1 Commissioner
J.S. Grasty – Zone 2 Commissioner
James W. Hathaway – Zone 3 Commissioner
Lynne Plaskett – Zone 4 Commissioner
Notable residents
This section does not cite any references or sources .
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2009)
New Smyrna Sugar Mill Ruins
New Smyrna Museum of History
Aaron Cormican , Professional Surfer
Joseph Barbara , actor
Dallas Baker , football player
Tony Stevens , bass guitarist for British band Foghat
Emory L. Bennett , decorated soldier
The Beu Sisters , musical group
Laura Alicia Brown , golfer
Al Capone , gangster and crime boss
Truett Cathy , restaurant franchise founder and author
Wes Chandler , football player
Joyce Cusack , politician
Johnny Damon , baseball player
David Faustino , child actor
Darrell Fullington , football player
Kathie Lee Gifford , talk show host
Suzanne Kosmas , congresswoman
Walter M. Miller, Jr. , science fiction writer
Jack Mitchell , photographer
Harold Nichols , football player
Bob Ross painter and philanthropist, died in New Smyrna Beach
Sarah Stewart , cancer researcher
John Travolta , actor
Daniel Veltri , chef and winner of Hell's Kitchen
Neil Young , musician/songwriter
References
^ a b "American FactFinder" . United States Census Bureau . http://factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Board on Geographic Names" . United States Geological Survey . 2007-10-25 . http://geonames.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "Annual Estimates of the Population For Incorporated Places in Florida, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (.xls). U.S. Census Bureau . July 10, 2008 . http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-04-12.xls . Retrieved April 2, 2009 .
^ http://www.stphotios.com/tour.html
^ http://www.stphotios.com/tour.html
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990" . United States Census Bureau . 2005-05-03 . http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ [3]
^ [4]
External links
City of New Smyrna Beach
New Smyrna Beach Public Library
New Smyrna Beach Museum of History
Atlantic Center for the Arts
New Smyrna Beach Area Visitors Bureau Official tourism information
New Smyrna Beach travel guide from Wikitravel
Oak Hill
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Demographics
5 Education
5.1 Elementary schools
5.2 Middle schools
5.3 High schools
6 Arts
7 Shark attacks
8 Government
9 Notable residents
10 References
11 External links
//
History
Dr. Andrew Turnbull
The area was settled in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull established the colony of "New Smyrna." The colony occupies a notable place in history by being the single largest attempt by a member of the British Crown at colonization in the New World . Turnbull transplanted around 1500 settlers, from Minorca , Majorca , Ibiza , Smyrna , Crete , Mani Peninsula , and Sicily , to grow hemp , sugarcane , indigo , and to produce rum . The colony suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids; and tensions grew due to mistreatment by Turnbull. Due to these complications, the remaining colonists marched north to St. Augustine along the Old King's Highway , to claim mistreatment by Turnbull to the Governor of Florida in St. Augustine in 1777; then a British protectorate. [ 4 ] . Soon after, St. Augustine was returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony for life in Charleston, South Carolina .
The St. Photios National Shrine on St. John's Street in St. Augustine, Florida, honors the settlers of New Smyrna, who were the first Greek Orthodox followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the Chapel tells the moving story of their plight in great detail, with accompanying exhibits. [ 5 ]
The area was then only sparsely populated due to the frequent raids by Seminole Indians. During the American Civil War in the 1860s the still-standing "Stone Wharf" was shelled by Union gunboats. In 1887, the Town of New Smyrna was incorporated with a population of 150. In 1892, the arrival of Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway lead to an increase in the area's population and a boom in its economy, which was based on tourism, citrus, and commercial fishing industries.
During prohibition in the 1920s the city and its river islands were popular sites for moonshine stills and hideouts for rumrunners coming in from the Bahamas through Mosquito Inlet, now Ponce de León Inlet . "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a bustling resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents, with over 1,000,000 visitors annually.
Like its Spanish partner to the north, St. Augustine, New Smyrna has stood under four flags: first the British, then the Spanish, then the American flag in 1845, followed by the Confederate Jack, and finally replaced the Stars and Stripes again.
See also: New Smyrna Beach Historic District
The Ocean House c. 1906
Bank corner in 1914
Battle-scarred tree in 1909
Whales on beach in 1908
Geography
New Smyrna Beach is located at 29°01′50″N 80°55′31″W / 29.030563°N 80.925307°W / 29.030563; -80.925307 (29.030563, -80.925307). [ 6 ] The city's motto is "cygnus inter anates", which is Latin for "a swan among ducks." [ citation needed ] The city is located in the Fun Coast region of the state of Florida.
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 79.7 km 2 (30.8 mi 2 ). 71.7 km 2 (27.7 mi 2 ) of it is land and 8.0 km 2 (3.1 mi 2 ) of it (10.04%) is water. The city is bordered by the city of Port Orange to the northwest, unincorporated Volusia County the north, the census designated place of Samsula-Spruce Creek to the west, and the city of Edgewater , Bethune Beach , and the Canaveral National Seashore to the south. Bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , New Smyrna Beach is on the Indian River .
The city is crossed by Interstate 95 , U.S. Route 1 , U.S. Route 1A , Florida State Road 5 , Florida State Road 44 and Florida State Road 442 .
Climate
New Smyrna Beach
Like the rest of Florida north of Lake Okeechobee , New Smyrna Beach enjoys a humid subtropical (Koppen, Cfa) climate characterized by hot, humid summers and mild, mostly dry winters. New Smyrna Beach, like many coastal locations on peninsular Florida, is also home to several tropical microclimates where Coconut Palm and Banana can grow to maturity and fruit. Although four seasons are thought to be present by some, this area is normally dominated by two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from April until November, and the shorter dry season, from November to March. Spring and autumn are normally too subtle to be noticed as the majority of trees here are not deciduous, and therefore do not lose their leaves. Although it can be chilly and damp during the winter, the temperatures very rarely drop below freezing, and temperatures usually remain comfortable during the winter. The city has only recorded snowfall three times in its 250 year history. The summers, on the other hand, are very long and hot, with ferocious thunderstorms in the afternoon, as central Florida is the lightning capital of the Americas. The growing season is twelve months, USDA hardiness zone is 9b. Dangers include hurricanes from June until November, and Nor'easters in the winter.
Demographics
Cathedral oaks in 1909
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 20,048 people, 9,839 households, and 5,844 families residing in the city. The population density was 279.5/km 2 (724.1/mi 2 ). There were 13,618 housing units at an average density of 189.9/km 2 (491.9/mi 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.57% White , 6.27% African American , 0.33% Native American , 0.50% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.31% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population.
There were 9,839 households, out of which 14.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.52.
In the city the population was spread out with 13.9% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 19.6% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 34.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,372, and the median income for a family was $43,409. Males had a median income of $29,544 versus $25,706 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,547. About 7.3% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
City Hall
Education
All public Education is run by Volusia County Schools .
Elementary schools
Chisholm Elementary
Coronado Beach Elementary
Read-Pattillo Elementary
Sacred Heart Elementary (Private)
Middle schools
New Smyrna Beach Middle School
High schools
New Smyrna Beach High School
Arts
Atlantic Center for the Arts
This section does not cite any references or sources .
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2009)
Named one of "America's Top Small Cities for The Arts," [ citation needed ] New Smyrna Beach is home to the Atlantic Center for the Arts , an artists-in-residence community and educational facility, the Harris House, the Little Theatre and Arts on Douglas. [ citation needed ] Arts shows featuring visual and performing arts occur throughout the year. [ citation needed ]
Shark attacks
According to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida, Volusia County Florida had more confirmed shark bites than any other region in the world in 2007. [ 7 ] Experts from the University of Florida have referred to the county as having the "dubious distinction as the world’s shark bite capital". [ 8 ] This trend has continued into 2008 with 19 confirmed shark attacks as of September. [ 9 ] In early 2008, Forbes Magazine rated New Smyrna Beach North America's top shark attack beach over North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii. In 2008, it again broke its own record with 24 shark bites. In December 2008, Maxim magazine ran an article called Shark Beach , that pointed out New Smyrna's dubious distinction. [ 10 ]
Government
Elected city government officials include:
Adam Barringer – Mayor
Judy Reiker – Zone 1 Commissioner
J.S. Grasty – Zone 2 Commissioner
James W. Hathaway – Zone 3 Commissioner
Lynne Plaskett – Zone 4 Commissioner
Notable residents
This section does not cite any references or sources .
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2009)
New Smyrna Sugar Mill Ruins
New Smyrna Museum of History
Aaron Cormican , Professional Surfer
Joseph Barbara , actor
Dallas Baker , football player
Tony Stevens , bass guitarist for British band Foghat
Emory L. Bennett , decorated soldier
The Beu Sisters , musical group
Laura Alicia Brown , golfer
Al Capone , gangster and crime boss
Truett Cathy , restaurant franchise founder and author
Wes Chandler , football player
Joyce Cusack , politician
Johnny Damon , baseball player
David Faustino , child actor
Darrell Fullington , football player
Kathie Lee Gifford , talk show host
Suzanne Kosmas , congresswoman
Walter M. Miller, Jr. , science fiction writer
Jack Mitchell , photographer
Harold Nichols , football player
Bob Ross painter and philanthropist, died in New Smyrna Beach
Sarah Stewart , cancer researcher
John Travolta , actor
Daniel Veltri , chef and winner of Hell's Kitchen
Neil Young , musician/songwriter
Oak Hill
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Demographics
5 Education
5.1 Elementary schools
5.2 Middle schools
5.3 High schools
6 Arts
7 Shark attacks
8 Government
9 Notable residents
10 References
11 External links
//
History
Dr. Andrew Turnbull
The area was settled in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull established the colony of "New Smyrna." The colony occupies a notable place in history by being the single largest attempt by a member of the British Crown at colonization in the New World . Turnbull transplanted around 1500 settlers, from Minorca , Majorca , Ibiza , Smyrna , Crete , Mani Peninsula , and Sicily , to grow hemp , sugarcane , indigo , and to produce rum . The colony suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids; and tensions grew due to mistreatment by Turnbull. Due to these complications, the remaining colonists marched north to St. Augustine along the Old King's Highway , to claim mistreatment by Turnbull to the Governor of Florida in St. Augustine in 1777; then a British protectorate. [ 4 ] . Soon after, St. Augustine was returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony for life in Charleston, South Carolina .
The St. Photios National Shrine on St. John's Street in St. Augustine, Florida, honors the settlers of New Smyrna, who were the first Greek Orthodox followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the Chapel tells the moving story of their plight in great detail, with accompanying exhibits. [ 5 ]
The area was then only sparsely populated due to the frequent raids by Seminole Indians. During the American Civil War in the 1860s the still-standing "Stone Wharf" was shelled by Union gunboats. In 1887, the Town of New Smyrna was incorporated with a population of 150. In 1892, the arrival of Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway lead to an increase in the area's population and a boom in its economy, which was based on tourism, citrus, and commercial fishing industries.
During prohibition in the 1920s the city and its river islands were popular sites for moonshine stills and hideouts for rumrunners coming in from the Bahamas through Mosquito Inlet, now Ponce de León Inlet . "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a bustling resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents, with over 1,000,000 visitors annually.
Like its Spanish partner to the north, St. Augustine, New Smyrna has stood under four flags: first the British, then the Spanish, then the American flag in 1845, followed by the Confederate Jack, and finally replaced the Stars and Stripes again.
See also: New Smyrna Beach Historic District
The Ocean House c. 1906
Bank corner in 1914
Battle-scarred tree in 1909
Whales on beach in 1908
Geography
New Smyrna Beach is located at 29°01′50″N 80°55′31″W / 29.030563°N 80.925307°W / 29.030563; -80.925307 (29.030563, -80.925307). [ 6 ] The city's motto is "cygnus inter anates", which is Latin for "a swan among ducks." [ citation needed ] The city is located in the Fun Coast region of the state of Florida.
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 79.7 km 2 (30.8 mi 2 ). 71.7 km 2 (27.7 mi 2 ) of it is land and 8.0 km 2 (3.1 mi 2 ) of it (10.04%) is water. The city is bordered by the city of Port Orange to the northwest, unincorporated Volusia County the north, the census designated place of Samsula-Spruce Creek to the west, and the city of Edgewater , Bethune Beach , and the Canaveral National Seashore to the south. Bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , New Smyrna Beach is on the Indian River .
The city is crossed by Interstate 95 , U.S. Route 1 , U.S. Route 1A , Florida State Road 5 , Florida State Road 44 and Florida State Road 442 .
Climate
New Smyrna Beach
Like the rest of Florida north of Lake Okeechobee , New Smyrna Beach enjoys a humid subtropical (Koppen, Cfa) climate characterized by hot, humid summers and mild, mostly dry winters. New Smyrna Beach, like many coastal locations on peninsular Florida, is also home to several tropical microclimates where Coconut Palm and Banana can grow to maturity and fruit. Although four seasons are thought to be present by some, this area is normally dominated by two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from April until November, and the shorter dry season, from November to March. Spring and autumn are normally too subtle to be noticed as the majority of trees here are not deciduous, and therefore do not lose their leaves. Although it can be chilly and damp during the winter, the temperatures very rarely drop below freezing, and temperatures usually remain comfortable during the winter. The city has only recorded snowfall three times in its 250 year history. The summers, on the other hand, are very long and hot, with ferocious thunderstorms in the afternoon, as central Florida is the lightning capital of the Americas. The growing season is twelve months, USDA hardiness zone is 9b. Dangers include hurricanes from June until November, and Nor'easters in the winter.
Demographics
Cathedral oaks in 1909
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 20,048 people, 9,839 households, and 5,844 families residing in the city. The population density was 279.5/km 2 (724.1/mi 2 ). There were 13,618 housing units at an average density of 189.9/km 2 (491.9/mi 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.57% White , 6.27% African American , 0.33% Native American , 0.50% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.31% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population.
There were 9,839 households, out of which 14.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.52.
In the city the population was spread out with 13.9% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 19.6% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 34.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,372, and the median income for a family was $43,409. Males had a median income of $29,544 versus $25,706 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,547. About 7.3% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
City Hall
Education
All public Education is run by Volusia County Schools .
Elementary schools
Chisholm Elementary
Coronado Beach Elementary
Read-Pattillo Elementary
Sacred Heart Elementary (Private)
Middle schools
New Smyrna Beach Middle School
High schools
New Smyrna Beach High School
Arts
Atlantic Center for the Arts
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Named one of "America's Top Small Cities for The Arts," [ citation needed ] New Smyrna Beach is home to the Atlantic Center for the Arts , an artists-in-residence community and educational facility, the Harris House, the Little Theatre and Arts on Douglas. [ citation needed ] Arts shows featuring visual and performing arts occur throughout the year. [ citation needed ]
Shark attacks
According to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida, Volusia County Florida had more confirmed shark bites than any other region in the world in 2007. [ 7 ] Experts from the University of Florida have referred to the county as having the "dubious distinction as the world’s shark bite capital". [ 8 ] This trend has continued into 2008 with 19 confirmed shark attacks as of September. [ 9 ] In early 2008, Forbes Magazine rated New Smyrna Beach North America's top shark attack beach over North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii. In 2008, it again broke its own record with 24 shark bites. In December 2008, Maxim magazine ran an article called Shark Beach , that pointed out New Smyrna's dubious distinction. [ 10 ]
Government
Elected city government officials include:
Adam Barringer – Mayor
Judy Reiker – Zone 1 Commissioner
J.S. Grasty – Zone 2 Commissioner
James W. Hathaway – Zone 3 Commissioner
Lynne Plaskett – Zone 4 Commissioner
Notable residents
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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2009)
New Smyrna Sugar Mill Ruins
New Smyrna Museum of History
Aaron Cormican , Professional Surfer
Joseph Barbara , actor
Dallas Baker , football player
Tony Stevens , bass guitarist for British band Foghat
Emory L. Bennett , decorated soldier
The Beu Sisters , musical group
Laura Alicia Brown , golfer
Al Capone , gangster and crime boss
Truett Cathy , restaurant franchise founder and author
Wes Chandler , football player
Joyce Cusack , politician
Johnny Damon , baseball player
David Faustino , child actor
Darrell Fullington , football player
Kathie Lee Gifford , talk show host
Suzanne Kosmas , congresswoman
Walter M. Miller, Jr. , science fiction writer
Jack Mitchell , photographer
Harold Nichols , football player
Bob Ross painter and philanthropist, died in New Smyrna Beach
Sarah Stewart , cancer researcher
John Travolta , actor
Daniel Veltri , chef and winner of Hell's Kitchen
Neil Young , musician/songwriter
Orange City
Contents
1 Geography
2 Historic places
3 Demographics
4 References
5 External links
//
Geography
Orange City is located at 28°56′29″N 81°17′34″W / 28.941273°N 81.292722°W / 28.941273; -81.292722 . [ 3 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 15.9 km² (6.2 mi²). 15.7 km² (6.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.98% water.
Historic places
Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Orange City include:
Dickinson Memorial Library and Park
Louis P. Thursby House
Orange City Colored School
Orange City Historic District
Orange City Town Hall
Seth French House
Demographics
In the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 6,604 people, 3,062 households, and 1,904 families residing in the city. The population density is 421.5/km² (1,091.4/mi²). There are 3,685 housing units at an average density of 235.2/km² (609.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 92.97% White , 3.66% African American , 0.38% Native American , 0.56% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 1.41% from other races , and 0.95% from two or more races. 5.13% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 3,062 households out of which 19.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% are married couples living together, 9.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% are non-families. 32.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.12 and the average family size is 2.63.
In the city the population is spread out with 17.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 31.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 49 years. For every 100 females there are 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $26,883, and the median income for a family is $34,003. Males have a median income of $29,817 versus $21,034 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,318. 9.9% of the population and 7.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 15.2% of those under the age of 18 and 7.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Orange City
Contents
1 Geography
2 Historic places
3 Demographics
4 References
5 External links
//
Geography
Orange City is located at 28°56′29″N 81°17′34″W / 28.941273°N 81.292722°W / 28.941273; -81.292722 . [ 3 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 15.9 km² (6.2 mi²). 15.7 km² (6.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.98% water.
Historic places
Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Orange City include:
Dickinson Memorial Library and Park
Louis P. Thursby House
Orange City Colored School
Orange City Historic District
Orange City Town Hall
Seth French House
Demographics
In the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 6,604 people, 3,062 households, and 1,904 families residing in the city. The population density is 421.5/km² (1,091.4/mi²). There are 3,685 housing units at an average density of 235.2/km² (609.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 92.97% White , 3.66% African American , 0.38% Native American , 0.56% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 1.41% from other races , and 0.95% from two or more races. 5.13% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 3,062 households out of which 19.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% are married couples living together, 9.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% are non-families. 32.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.12 and the average family size is 2.63.
In the city the population is spread out with 17.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 31.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 49 years. For every 100 females there are 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $26,883, and the median income for a family is $34,003. Males have a median income of $29,817 versus $21,034 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,318. 9.9% of the population and 7.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 15.2% of those under the age of 18 and 7.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Ormond Beach
Contents
1 History
2 History of the Ormond Loop and Trail
3 Notable residents
4 Sites of interest
4.1 Historic places
4.2 Parks and gardens
4.3 Other places
5 Geography
6 Demographics
7 City officials
8 Media
8.1 Newspapers
8.2 Radio stations
8.2.1 AM
8.2.2 FM
9 Economy
9.1 Business
9.2 Shopping
10 References
11 External links
//
History
The Village Street in c. 1908
Ormond Beach was once within the domain of the Timucuan Indians . Their local fortified village was called Nocoroco, believed to have been located at the site of Tomoka State Park . But war and disease would decimate the tribe. The city is named for James Ormond I, an Anglo-Irish-Scotch sea captain commissioned by King Ferdinand VII of Spain to bring Franciscan settlers to this part of Florida. Ormond had served Britain and Spain in the Napoleonic Wars as a ship captain, and was rewarded for his services to Spain by King Ferdinand VII. Ormond later worked for the Scottish Indian trade company of Panton, Leslie & Company , and his armed brig was called the Somerset . In 1821, Florida was acquired from Spain by the United States, but hostilities during the Second Seminole War delayed settlement until after 1842. In 1875, the city was founded as New Britain by inhabitants from New Britain, Connecticut , but would be incorporated in 1880 as Ormond for its early plantation owner.
Florida experienced a boom in tourism after the Civil War . With its hard, white beach, Ormond became popular for the wealthy seeking relief from northern winters. The St. Johns & Halifax Railroad arrived in 1886, and the first bridge across the Halifax River was created in 1887. John Anderson and James Downing Price opened the Ormond Hotel on January 1, 1888. Henry Flagler bought the hotel in 1890 and expanded it to accommodate 600 guests. It would be one in a series of Gilded Age hotels catering to passengers aboard his Florida East Coast Railway , which had purchased the St. Johns & Halifax Railroad. Once a well-known landmark which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the hotel was razed in 1992.
One of Flagler's guests at the Ormond Hotel was his former business partner at the Standard Oil Company . John D. Rockefeller arrived in 1914, and after four seasons at the hotel bought an estate called The Casements . It would be Rockefeller's winter home during the latter part of his life. Sold by his heirs in 1939, it was purchased by the city in 1973, and now serves as its cultural center. It is the community's best-known historical structure. Beginning in 1902, some of the first automobile races were held on the compacted sand from Ormond south to Daytona Beach . Pioneers in the industry, including Ransom Olds and Alexander Winton , tested their inventions. The American Automobile Association brought timing equipment in 1903, and the area acquired the nickname "The Birthplace of Speed." [ 4 ] Lee Bible in the record-breaking, but fatal, White Triplex was less fortunate. Driving on the beach is still permitted on some stretches. The city would be renamed Ormond Beach in 1949.
History of the Ormond Loop and Trail
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The communities surrounding The Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail have a long, rich history that begins approximately 20,000 years ago during the last Glacial Period and is closely linked to three bodies of water - the Atlantic Ocean, the Halifax River and the Tomoka River. The Halifax River is actually an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that thrusts northward from Ponce de Leon Inlet to the south and splits the land into two sections.
The Tomoka Basin, the source of the Halifax River, is located about twenty-three miles north of Ponce de Leon Inlet and is fed from the southwest by the Tomoka River, a fresh water river. The surrounding lands are located on the Silver Bluff Terrace - an ancient ocean bottom. Giant ground sloths, saber-toothed tigers, mastodons, and prehistoric horses once roamed the forests surrounding these waters. On the east side of the Halifax River is a narrow peninsula approximately a mile wide.
The northern-most portion of the peninsula in Volusia County is known as Ormond-By-The-Sea. Following the peninsula south from the Flagler County line for about 8 miles brings us to the City of Ormond Beach, which is separated by the Halifax River into beachside and mainland segments. The northern mainland side of The Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail corridor sits in unincorporated Volusia County. Descendants of primitive Asiatics, who came to be known as Indians, migrated to Florida approximately twelve thousand years ago. They came to hunt the mammoths, musk oxen and caribou.
These early inhabitants hunted and fished along the Halifax and Tomoka Rivers, leaving behind mounds filled with broken pottery, arrowheads, and shellfish remains. One of these mounds is located on Mound Ave.The earliest inhabitants of the area that we have knowledge of are the Timucuan Indians who lived along the banks of the Halifax and Tomoka Rivers during the early 1500s. Their primary settlement was called Nocoroco and is thought to be located in what now is Tomoka State Park, which faces the Tomoka Basin and welcomes visitors through its entrance on North Beach Street, the western limb of the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail.
Nocoroco was mentioned in a 1569 memorial to the king of Spain by Captain Antonio de Prado who noted that the village was situated between two rivers (now known as Tomoka and Halifax). Princess Issena of the Timucuan Indian Tribe married French Huguenot nobleman Ernst D'Erlach in 1566. An engraved rock marks the site near the primitive church on the northwest corner of the Granada Bridge. In 1605, Spanish explorer Alvaro Mexia mapped the area.
Prehistoric shell middens are located along John Anderson Drive containing the remains of oysters harvested by these peoples from the river and tiny coquina clams gathered from the ocean side. Bones of shark, sea turtle and manatee are also found in these significant archeological sites. Because of this bounty of river and sea, the natives who lived in villages once located along the Halifax and Tomoka Rivers never practiced agriculture until the arrival of the Spanish.
The Timucuan villages of Cacaroy and Cicale are believed to have been located along the banks of the Halifax River in present day Ormond-By-The-Sea. The Cacaroy settlement is believed to have been located just south of Bicentennial Park, with the Cicale settlement approximately one mile further south along the banks of the river. The Timucuans disappeared entirely by the early 1800s, perhaps decimated by diseases brought by European settlers. At the end of the Seven Years War in Europe, Spain ceded Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba.
Britain gave out many land grants to settlers, including 20,000 acres to Richard Oswald in 1766. Mount Oswald became a rice and indigo plantation, encompassing what is now Tomoka State Park. There are eleven known plantation sites within the Tomoka State Park area all of which can be seen and are accessible from the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail. During the survey of these land grants, the Halifax River received its name in honor of Lord Halifax.
Later, Florida reverted to Spain and Mount Oswald and other early plantations fell into ruins. Spanish land grants of the early 1800s brought a new wave of settlers from the Bahamas. Spain remained in possession of Florida from 1783 until 1821, when it became a United States territory. Some of the earliest settlers to the area included James and George Anderson, who came to Ormond with a Spanish land grant and took over what had been Mount Oswald. Loop road John Anderson Drive is named after their family. Captain James Ormond received a 2,000-acre land grant that he called Damietta Plantation.
James Ormond II died in 1829 and is buried in Ormond Tomb Park located on Old Dixie Highway. A landmark of the second Spanish period is located in the vicinity of Pine Tree Drive. What was once the Addison Land Grant was later sold in part to the McCrae brothers. This landmark, known as the McCrae Plantation Ruins and Addison Blockhouse, are important examples of 19th century plantation architecture. This plantation, like many in the area, was destroyed during the Second Seminole War. The effective reprisals of the Seminole Indians in 1835-36 laid waste to the plantation economy in this part of the state, from which it never recovered. During the course of the next fifty years, these lands lay dormant allowing nature to take its course.
In the 1870s, a new wave of settlers arrived, including a group employed by the Corbin Lock Company of New Britain, Connecticut, who named the area New Britain. In 1876 Chauncey A. Bacon, an architect and Civil War veteran from New Britain, Connecticut, purchased 172 acres in present day Ormond-By-The-Sea and named it the Number Nine Plantation. Mrs. Bacon became the first teacher in the colony of New Britain, present day Ormond Beach.
In her book Ormond-On-The-Halifax, Alice Strickland describes the site: "The land was covered with a dense, tangled forest of palmettos, scrub oaks, and pine trees which Bacon cleared out with axe and grub hoe. The Bacon's first home was a palmetto cabin, but later Bacon built a small, two story house with a large coquina rock fireplace on top of the Indian shell mound. Eventually this house became the 'jelly house' where Jennie Bacon, and their son, Earl, made delicious jams, jellies, and preserves that were sold on the property and also shipped to all parts of the country."
The Bacons constructed a third home, which still stands on John Anderson Drive, from salvaged mahogany logs that washed ashore from the wreck of the City of Vera Cruz. The Number Nine was a favorite picnic ground for the early settlers of New Britain with picnickers and other guests traveling by boat on the Halifax River since no roads along the riverfront on the east side of the Halifax River existed. The Bostrom brothers came to what is now called Riverside Drive and built a fine home called Bosarve, which means "Home Place" in Swedish. Like the Bacons, the Bostroms built three homes altogether on the same site; the first was a palmetto shack, then a two-story frame house and eventually a third home with some of the lumber coming from Jacksonville and some salvaged from ship wrecks.
Alice Strickland's book describes the shingles as being homemade and "the bricks for the chimney were pilfered from old plantation ruins". Bosarve, which is still filled with magnificent old oak trees, was torn down in recent years and a modern home now occupies the site.
Alice Strickland also gives us an accounting of the tragic shipwrecks that occurred during the hurricane season of 1880, the most severe storms ever experienced by the early settlers. Strickland wrote: "The largest of these ships was the City of Vera Cruz, bound from New York to Havana, which was carrying over a hundred passengers. As the ship broke up in the immense waves, passengers and crew were thrown into the sea, and only a few reached shore alive...the settlers formed a sort of vigilance committee to bury the human bodies strewn along the beach north of Ormond and which were being attacked by wild hogs.
Sixty-seven of these bodies were interred in one huge pit dug back of the first row of dunes just north of Number Nine Plantation. For many years a large timber set upright in the ground marked the spot, but was finally destroyed by woods fires".
The first cottage built on the beach was constructed from salvaged materials from the Vera Cruz and named in the ship's honor. In the 1880s this cottage rented in the summer for $30 per month. Through a bequest at the time of his death in 1911, John Anderson deeded the Vera Cruz cottage to William Fagen.
In December 1896, another fierce hurricane grounded the Nathan Cobb just offshore. Citizens of Ormond attempted a rescue of the crew despite high rough surf. One resident and several crew members perished. Salvage from the Nathan Cobb was used to build a cottage, also called the Nathan Cobb, on Orchard Lane just north of the Hotel Ormond. The cottage stands today and is accessible from John Anderson Drive.
The first bridge over the Halifax River was built in 1887 and connected the peninsula and the mainland. Today Granada Boulevard and a graceful highrise descendant of the first Halifax River Bridge form the southern border of the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail. John Anderson and J.D. Price bought part of the Bostrom property and built the first wing of the Hotel Ormond, along with winter visitor and Wall Street broker Stephen Van Cullen White, which opened on January 1, 1888. Many wealthy travelers stopped here, including John D. Rockefeller who rented a complete floor of the hotel. Other notable travelers included Henry Ford, Will Rogers, and the Prince of Wales.
In 1890, Henry Morison Flagler purchased the structure and enlarged it. In 1904, Flagler added the Ormond Garage facing East Granada on the hotel property, which was destroyed by fire many years later. The 104-year-old hotel is now gone, demolished on May 26, 1992, and recently replaced by the Heritage Condominium.
The restored hotel cupola, now a small museum displaying memorabilia, is located in Fortunato Park across the street from the original site, visible from both John Anderson Drive and Granada Boulevard. Hammock House, which was built in 1878 by the hotel's co-founder J.D. Price, still stands at 311 John Anderson Drive and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
On December 18, 1918, John D. Rockefeller made Ormond Beach his winter home by moving into "The Casements", a three-story house on the corner of Granada and Riverside Drive which borders the Halifax River. On May 23, 1937, Rockefeller died while at The Casements.
The Rockefeller family sold the home in 1941 and it became a junior college for young women. The property changed hands a number of times after that with the citizens fighting off efforts to redevelop the property as condominiums in the 1970s. The City of Ormond Beach purchased the property in 1973 and the building was restored and preserved as a cultural and civic center for the community. The Casements is one of the premier historical landmarks along the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail.
A subscription for a church building was started in 1884 and a riverfront lot at the corner of Lincoln and Beach Streets was donated. Lumber for the church was ordered from Jacksonville, but the schooner carrying it ran aground and the captain could not get it afloat. Community members got the lumber from the schooner and lashed it into a raft. Working all night, the group poled the raft six miles to Ormond where, with help from other citizens, they carried the lumber ashore, dried it and then began construction of the church building. The Ormond Union Church was incorporated September 21, 1888.
Across from the church, directly on the Halifax River, is the Ormond Yacht Club, which was built in 1910 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The wooden clubhouse stands silently over the water at the end of its pier, a striking component of the vista at the south end of the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail.
Further north at 166 N. Beach Street stands the William McNary house. William McNary lied about his age when he enlisted with his son, Clarence, to fight for the Union in the Civil War because he was too old for conscription. McNary had been a cabinetmaker for the Corbin Lock Company in Connecticut and this family became one of the most prominent in the colony.
Immediately north of the McNary house is the Dix House, which was built for Mrs. McNary's sisters, Ruth and Eliza Dix. Originally built as almost identical houses, the Dix House retains its open upper and lower porches and is on the National Register of Historic Places. It was here that the citizens of then New Britain voted to incorporate the city under the name Ormond Beach on April 22, 1880. The first meeting of the Ormond City Council took place at the Dix House on May 8, 1880.
The 1920s brought a real estate boom to both mainland and beachside Ormond Beach. In 1926 Oceanshore Boulevard (A1A) was constructed and opened the forbidding wilderness of scrub jungle that existed between St. Augustine and Ormond Beach. This improved access led to the beginning of residential subdivisions along the peninsula.
In the early 1950s a residential construction boom started in the beachside area north of Ormond Beach. One of the first subdivisions was called "Ormond-By-The-Sea", a name that eventually became the identity for that community.
Between Ormond-by-the-Sea and the Flagler County line to the north lies North Peninsula State Park. Nearly three miles long and extending across the peninsula from ocean to river, the park is a pristine undeveloped dune scrub, an ecosystem that has nearly vanished from the rest of Florida's east coast. It is here that the Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail meets the A1A Scenic & Historic Coastal Byway.
On Dec. 12, 1941, five days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the United States entrance into World War II on Dec. 7, 1941, fifteen local individuals along with some New Smyrna Beach residents took the qualifying exams for the Coast Guard Auxiliary. Members of the Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla 44 (called Flotilla 1-3 during World War II), manned the lookout tower in Ormond-By-The-Sea around the clock as they searched the coast for German submarines. This restored structure still stands today. A wooden tower in the rear of the Ormond Beach fire station on East Granada Avenue also became a watchtower.
Flotilla 44, Daytona Beach - 7th Coast Guard District, is one of the oldest Coast Guard Auxiliary flotillas in the United States. Flotilla 1-3 (present day Flotilla 44) was formally chartered on December 18, 1941.
German submarines arrived off the Atlantic Coast in January 1942. By May of that year, 180 vessels had been sunk. The Coast Guard Auxiliary responded to aid the sinking vessels and rescued those who were forced to abandon ship. At times, people on the beach could see these U-boat engagements. In addition to their responsibilities for patrolling the beaches of Volusia and Flagler Counties, members of Flotilla 1-3 also conducted river patrols on the Intracoastal Waterway and patrolled the offshore waters of the Atlantic Ocean searching for harbor infiltrators and enemy submarines.
Stanley Steamer cars came to Ormond Beach on January 24, 2006 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of a Stanley car setting the most famous land speed record on the beach on January 26, 1906. Stanley car owners World War II Submarine Tower came from as far away as Great Britain to mark the anniversary. Owners prefer to drive the cars rather than display them; they all raved about the magnificent beauty when they completed driving "The Loop."
For over a century the citizens of Ormond Beach and the surrounding communities and visitors to the area alike have learned to love and value the natural vistas and historic structures they see from the roadways that make up the Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail. Those within the community are deeply concerned with preserving and protecting the remaining unspoiled areas of forests, swamps, scrub dunes, and coastal marshes with its abundance of ecological systems and historic value in this area. Their work was successful, and today The Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail has been designated as an official Florida Scenic Highway.
Royal Arch Oak in c. 1905
Ormond Hotel in c. 1905
Orange Grove in c. 1905
Bostrom Oaks in c. 1908
Notable residents
Adelbert Ames , The last general officer of the American Civil War to die, passing away at age 97 in 1933
John D. Rockefeller , industrialist
Harry Wendelstedt , baseball umpire
Paul America , actor
Phil Dalhausser , 2008 Olympic gold medalist in beach volleyball
Sites of interest
Historic places
Anderson-Price Memorial Library Building
The Casements
Dix House
The Hammocks
John Anderson Lodge
Lippincott Mansion
Nocoroco
Ormond Hotel
Ormond Yacht Club
The Porches
Rowallan
Talahloka
Ormond Tomb, State Park
Parks and gardens
Bulow Creek State Park
Highbridge (County) Park
Ormond Memorial Art Museum & Gardens
North Peninsula State Park
Tomoka State Park
Other places
Ormond Beach Municipal Airport
Geography
Ormond Beach is located at 29°17′11″N 81°04′30″W / 29.286405°N 81.074882°W / 29.286405; -81.074882 (29.286405, -81.074882). [ 5 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 75.3 km 2 (29.1 mi 2 ). 66.7 km 2 (25.8 mi 2 ) of it is land and 8.6 km 2 (3.3 mi 2 ) of it (11.42%) is water. Drained by the Tomoka River, Ormond Beach is located on the Halifax River lagoon and Atlantic Ocean.
Demographics
Granada Bridge in 2006
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 36,301 people, 15,629 households, and 10,533 families residing in the city. The population density was 544.3/km 2 (1,409.8/mi 2 ). There were 17,258 housing units at an average density of 258.8/km 2 (670.2/mi 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 94.28% White , 2.75% African American , 0.17% Native American , 1.44% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.31% from other races , and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.20% of the population.
There were 15,629 households out of which 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.75.
Tomoka River in c. 1905
In the city the population was spread out with 19.2% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 27.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,364, and the median income for a family was $52,496. Males had a median income of $38,598 versus $26,452 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,364. About 4.2% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.
City officials
City Hall in 2006
Mayor Fred Costello
Zone 1 City Commissioner Lori Gillooly
Zone 2 City Commissioner Troy Kent
Zone 3 City Commissioner Ed Kelley
Zone 4 City Commissioner Bill Partington
Media
Newspapers
Daytona Beach News-Journal - Online edition of daily newspaper covering the greater Daytona Beach area.
Radio stations
AM
WELE , 1380 AM, Ormond Beach, News/Talk
FM
WHOG-FM , 95.7 FM, Ormond Beach, Classic Rock
And others
Economy
Business
Ormond Beach is an active commercial and residential market in the dynamic Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach MSA. Manufacturers enjoy a healthy business climate and engage in global marketing.
Ormond Beach Business Park and Airpark, a foreign trade zone, is home to 29 companies that provide more than 2,000 jobs. Industrial and business sites are available.
Recent studies show the workforce to be educated, productive and competitive with 10 percent underemployed. Seven highly ranked colleges and universities and the acclaimed Advanced Technology Center support business needs with career advancement, workforce development and research. Education, health care and government are the area’s largest employers.
Among the corporations that call Ormond Beach home are:
CAPO (eye care products)
SOUTHERN ROOTS LAWN & GARDEN (local lawn care licensed and insured,also Ormond Chamber member)
Command Medical Products, Inc. (medical)
Costa Del Mar Headquarters (eye care products)
Florida Hospital Oceanside
Florida Production Engineering (automotive)
Hawaiian Tropic - Tanning Research Laboratories (skin care products)
Homac Manufacturing Company (electronics)
Hudson Technologies (deep draw manufacturer)
Microflex Inc.
US Food Service (distributor)
Vital Aire (health care)
HoleShot Performance Wheels (Drag-racing wheels)
Shopping
Bel-Aire Plaza
Ormond Mall
Ormond Town Square
River Gate Shopping Center
South Forty Shopping Center
The Trails Shopping Center
Volusia Mall
Wal-Mart Super Center
References
^ a b "American FactFinder" . United States Census Bureau . http://factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Board on Geographic Names" . United States Geological Survey . 2007-10-25 . http://geonames.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2004-04-12.xls census.gov
^ http://www.birthplaceofspeed2003.com/beginning.htm birthplaceofspeed2003.com
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990" . United States Census Bureau . 2005-05-03 . http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
External links
Find more about Category:Ormond_Beach,_Florida on Wikipedia's sister projects :
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Ormond Beach travel guide from Wikitravel
City of Ormond Beach
Tomoka State Park
Ormond Beach Chamber of Commerce
Ormond Beach Portal
Historic Photos from the Florida State Archives
Ormond Beach
Contents
1 History
2 History of the Ormond Loop and Trail
3 Notable residents
4 Sites of interest
4.1 Historic places
4.2 Parks and gardens
4.3 Other places
5 Geography
6 Demographics
7 City officials
8 Media
8.1 Newspapers
8.2 Radio stations
8.2.1 AM
8.2.2 FM
9 Economy
9.1 Business
9.2 Shopping
10 References
11 External links
//
History
The Village Street in c. 1908
Ormond Beach was once within the domain of the Timucuan Indians . Their local fortified village was called Nocoroco, believed to have been located at the site of Tomoka State Park . But war and disease would decimate the tribe. The city is named for James Ormond I, an Anglo-Irish-Scotch sea captain commissioned by King Ferdinand VII of Spain to bring Franciscan settlers to this part of Florida. Ormond had served Britain and Spain in the Napoleonic Wars as a ship captain, and was rewarded for his services to Spain by King Ferdinand VII. Ormond later worked for the Scottish Indian trade company of Panton, Leslie & Company , and his armed brig was called the Somerset . In 1821, Florida was acquired from Spain by the United States, but hostilities during the Second Seminole War delayed settlement until after 1842. In 1875, the city was founded as New Britain by inhabitants from New Britain, Connecticut , but would be incorporated in 1880 as Ormond for its early plantation owner.
Florida experienced a boom in tourism after the Civil War . With its hard, white beach, Ormond became popular for the wealthy seeking relief from northern winters. The St. Johns & Halifax Railroad arrived in 1886, and the first bridge across the Halifax River was created in 1887. John Anderson and James Downing Price opened the Ormond Hotel on January 1, 1888. Henry Flagler bought the hotel in 1890 and expanded it to accommodate 600 guests. It would be one in a series of Gilded Age hotels catering to passengers aboard his Florida East Coast Railway , which had purchased the St. Johns & Halifax Railroad. Once a well-known landmark which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the hotel was razed in 1992.
One of Flagler's guests at the Ormond Hotel was his former business partner at the Standard Oil Company . John D. Rockefeller arrived in 1914, and after four seasons at the hotel bought an estate called The Casements . It would be Rockefeller's winter home during the latter part of his life. Sold by his heirs in 1939, it was purchased by the city in 1973, and now serves as its cultural center. It is the community's best-known historical structure. Beginning in 1902, some of the first automobile races were held on the compacted sand from Ormond south to Daytona Beach . Pioneers in the industry, including Ransom Olds and Alexander Winton , tested their inventions. The American Automobile Association brought timing equipment in 1903, and the area acquired the nickname "The Birthplace of Speed." [ 4 ] Lee Bible in the record-breaking, but fatal, White Triplex was less fortunate. Driving on the beach is still permitted on some stretches. The city would be renamed Ormond Beach in 1949.
History of the Ormond Loop and Trail
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Ormond Beach, Florida#History . ( Discuss )
This section is missing citations or needs footnotes . Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (February 2010)
The communities surrounding The Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail have a long, rich history that begins approximately 20,000 years ago during the last Glacial Period and is closely linked to three bodies of water - the Atlantic Ocean, the Halifax River and the Tomoka River. The Halifax River is actually an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that thrusts northward from Ponce de Leon Inlet to the south and splits the land into two sections.
The Tomoka Basin, the source of the Halifax River, is located about twenty-three miles north of Ponce de Leon Inlet and is fed from the southwest by the Tomoka River, a fresh water river. The surrounding lands are located on the Silver Bluff Terrace - an ancient ocean bottom. Giant ground sloths, saber-toothed tigers, mastodons, and prehistoric horses once roamed the forests surrounding these waters. On the east side of the Halifax River is a narrow peninsula approximately a mile wide.
The northern-most portion of the peninsula in Volusia County is known as Ormond-By-The-Sea. Following the peninsula south from the Flagler County line for about 8 miles brings us to the City of Ormond Beach, which is separated by the Halifax River into beachside and mainland segments. The northern mainland side of The Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail corridor sits in unincorporated Volusia County. Descendants of primitive Asiatics, who came to be known as Indians, migrated to Florida approximately twelve thousand years ago. They came to hunt the mammoths, musk oxen and caribou.
These early inhabitants hunted and fished along the Halifax and Tomoka Rivers, leaving behind mounds filled with broken pottery, arrowheads, and shellfish remains. One of these mounds is located on Mound Ave.The earliest inhabitants of the area that we have knowledge of are the Timucuan Indians who lived along the banks of the Halifax and Tomoka Rivers during the early 1500s. Their primary settlement was called Nocoroco and is thought to be located in what now is Tomoka State Park, which faces the Tomoka Basin and welcomes visitors through its entrance on North Beach Street, the western limb of the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail.
Nocoroco was mentioned in a 1569 memorial to the king of Spain by Captain Antonio de Prado who noted that the village was situated between two rivers (now known as Tomoka and Halifax). Princess Issena of the Timucuan Indian Tribe married French Huguenot nobleman Ernst D'Erlach in 1566. An engraved rock marks the site near the primitive church on the northwest corner of the Granada Bridge. In 1605, Spanish explorer Alvaro Mexia mapped the area.
Prehistoric shell middens are located along John Anderson Drive containing the remains of oysters harvested by these peoples from the river and tiny coquina clams gathered from the ocean side. Bones of shark, sea turtle and manatee are also found in these significant archeological sites. Because of this bounty of river and sea, the natives who lived in villages once located along the Halifax and Tomoka Rivers never practiced agriculture until the arrival of the Spanish.
The Timucuan villages of Cacaroy and Cicale are believed to have been located along the banks of the Halifax River in present day Ormond-By-The-Sea. The Cacaroy settlement is believed to have been located just south of Bicentennial Park, with the Cicale settlement approximately one mile further south along the banks of the river. The Timucuans disappeared entirely by the early 1800s, perhaps decimated by diseases brought by European settlers. At the end of the Seven Years War in Europe, Spain ceded Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba.
Britain gave out many land grants to settlers, including 20,000 acres to Richard Oswald in 1766. Mount Oswald became a rice and indigo plantation, encompassing what is now Tomoka State Park. There are eleven known plantation sites within the Tomoka State Park area all of which can be seen and are accessible from the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail. During the survey of these land grants, the Halifax River received its name in honor of Lord Halifax.
Later, Florida reverted to Spain and Mount Oswald and other early plantations fell into ruins. Spanish land grants of the early 1800s brought a new wave of settlers from the Bahamas. Spain remained in possession of Florida from 1783 until 1821, when it became a United States territory. Some of the earliest settlers to the area included James and George Anderson, who came to Ormond with a Spanish land grant and took over what had been Mount Oswald. Loop road John Anderson Drive is named after their family. Captain James Ormond received a 2,000-acre land grant that he called Damietta Plantation.
James Ormond II died in 1829 and is buried in Ormond Tomb Park located on Old Dixie Highway. A landmark of the second Spanish period is located in the vicinity of Pine Tree Drive. What was once the Addison Land Grant was later sold in part to the McCrae brothers. This landmark, known as the McCrae Plantation Ruins and Addison Blockhouse, are important examples of 19th century plantation architecture. This plantation, like many in the area, was destroyed during the Second Seminole War. The effective reprisals of the Seminole Indians in 1835-36 laid waste to the plantation economy in this part of the state, from which it never recovered. During the course of the next fifty years, these lands lay dormant allowing nature to take its course.
In the 1870s, a new wave of settlers arrived, including a group employed by the Corbin Lock Company of New Britain, Connecticut, who named the area New Britain. In 1876 Chauncey A. Bacon, an architect and Civil War veteran from New Britain, Connecticut, purchased 172 acres in present day Ormond-By-The-Sea and named it the Number Nine Plantation. Mrs. Bacon became the first teacher in the colony of New Britain, present day Ormond Beach.
In her book Ormond-On-The-Halifax, Alice Strickland describes the site: "The land was covered with a dense, tangled forest of palmettos, scrub oaks, and pine trees which Bacon cleared out with axe and grub hoe. The Bacon's first home was a palmetto cabin, but later Bacon built a small, two story house with a large coquina rock fireplace on top of the Indian shell mound. Eventually this house became the 'jelly house' where Jennie Bacon, and their son, Earl, made delicious jams, jellies, and preserves that were sold on the property and also shipped to all parts of the country."
The Bacons constructed a third home, which still stands on John Anderson Drive, from salvaged mahogany logs that washed ashore from the wreck of the City of Vera Cruz. The Number Nine was a favorite picnic ground for the early settlers of New Britain with picnickers and other guests traveling by boat on the Halifax River since no roads along the riverfront on the east side of the Halifax River existed. The Bostrom brothers came to what is now called Riverside Drive and built a fine home called Bosarve, which means "Home Place" in Swedish. Like the Bacons, the Bostroms built three homes altogether on the same site; the first was a palmetto shack, then a two-story frame house and eventually a third home with some of the lumber coming from Jacksonville and some salvaged from ship wrecks.
Alice Strickland's book describes the shingles as being homemade and "the bricks for the chimney were pilfered from old plantation ruins". Bosarve, which is still filled with magnificent old oak trees, was torn down in recent years and a modern home now occupies the site.
Alice Strickland also gives us an accounting of the tragic shipwrecks that occurred during the hurricane season of 1880, the most severe storms ever experienced by the early settlers. Strickland wrote: "The largest of these ships was the City of Vera Cruz, bound from New York to Havana, which was carrying over a hundred passengers. As the ship broke up in the immense waves, passengers and crew were thrown into the sea, and only a few reached shore alive...the settlers formed a sort of vigilance committee to bury the human bodies strewn along the beach north of Ormond and which were being attacked by wild hogs.
Sixty-seven of these bodies were interred in one huge pit dug back of the first row of dunes just north of Number Nine Plantation. For many years a large timber set upright in the ground marked the spot, but was finally destroyed by woods fires".
The first cottage built on the beach was constructed from salvaged materials from the Vera Cruz and named in the ship's honor. In the 1880s this cottage rented in the summer for $30 per month. Through a bequest at the time of his death in 1911, John Anderson deeded the Vera Cruz cottage to William Fagen.
In December 1896, another fierce hurricane grounded the Nathan Cobb just offshore. Citizens of Ormond attempted a rescue of the crew despite high rough surf. One resident and several crew members perished. Salvage from the Nathan Cobb was used to build a cottage, also called the Nathan Cobb, on Orchard Lane just north of the Hotel Ormond. The cottage stands today and is accessible from John Anderson Drive.
The first bridge over the Halifax River was built in 1887 and connected the peninsula and the mainland. Today Granada Boulevard and a graceful highrise descendant of the first Halifax River Bridge form the southern border of the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail. John Anderson and J.D. Price bought part of the Bostrom property and built the first wing of the Hotel Ormond, along with winter visitor and Wall Street broker Stephen Van Cullen White, which opened on January 1, 1888. Many wealthy travelers stopped here, including John D. Rockefeller who rented a complete floor of the hotel. Other notable travelers included Henry Ford, Will Rogers, and the Prince of Wales.
In 1890, Henry Morison Flagler purchased the structure and enlarged it. In 1904, Flagler added the Ormond Garage facing East Granada on the hotel property, which was destroyed by fire many years later. The 104-year-old hotel is now gone, demolished on May 26, 1992, and recently replaced by the Heritage Condominium.
The restored hotel cupola, now a small museum displaying memorabilia, is located in Fortunato Park across the street from the original site, visible from both John Anderson Drive and Granada Boulevard. Hammock House, which was built in 1878 by the hotel's co-founder J.D. Price, still stands at 311 John Anderson Drive and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
On December 18, 1918, John D. Rockefeller made Ormond Beach his winter home by moving into "The Casements", a three-story house on the corner of Granada and Riverside Drive which borders the Halifax River. On May 23, 1937, Rockefeller died while at The Casements.
The Rockefeller family sold the home in 1941 and it became a junior college for young women. The property changed hands a number of times after that with the citizens fighting off efforts to redevelop the property as condominiums in the 1970s. The City of Ormond Beach purchased the property in 1973 and the building was restored and preserved as a cultural and civic center for the community. The Casements is one of the premier historical landmarks along the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail.
A subscription for a church building was started in 1884 and a riverfront lot at the corner of Lincoln and Beach Streets was donated. Lumber for the church was ordered from Jacksonville, but the schooner carrying it ran aground and the captain could not get it afloat. Community members got the lumber from the schooner and lashed it into a raft. Working all night, the group poled the raft six miles to Ormond where, with help from other citizens, they carried the lumber ashore, dried it and then began construction of the church building. The Ormond Union Church was incorporated September 21, 1888.
Across from the church, directly on the Halifax River, is the Ormond Yacht Club, which was built in 1910 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The wooden clubhouse stands silently over the water at the end of its pier, a striking component of the vista at the south end of the Ormond Scenic Loop & Trail.
Further north at 166 N. Beach Street stands the William McNary house. William McNary lied about his age when he enlisted with his son, Clarence, to fight for the Union in the Civil War because he was too old for conscription. McNary had been a cabinetmaker for the Corbin Lock Company in Connecticut and this family became one of the most prominent in the colony.
Immediately north of the McNary house is the Dix House, which was built for Mrs. McNary's sisters, Ruth and Eliza Dix. Originally built as almost identical houses, the Dix House retains its open upper and lower porches and is on the National Register of Historic Places. It was here that the citizens of then New Britain voted to incorporate the city under the name Ormond Beach on April 22, 1880. The first meeting of the Ormond City Council took place at the Dix House on May 8, 1880.
The 1920s brought a real estate boom to both mainland and beachside Ormond Beach. In 1926 Oceanshore Boulevard (A1A) was constructed and opened the forbidding wilderness of scrub jungle that existed between St. Augustine and Ormond Beach. This improved access led to the beginning of residential subdivisions along the peninsula.
In the early 1950s a residential construction boom started in the beachside area north of Ormond Beach. One of the first subdivisions was called "Ormond-By-The-Sea", a name that eventually became the identity for that community.
Between Ormond-by-the-Sea and the Flagler County line to the north lies North Peninsula State Park. Nearly three miles long and extending across the peninsula from ocean to river, the park is a pristine undeveloped dune scrub, an ecosystem that has nearly vanished from the rest of Florida's east coast. It is here that the Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail meets the A1A Scenic & Historic Coastal Byway.
On Dec. 12, 1941, five days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the United States entrance into World War II on Dec. 7, 1941, fifteen local individuals along with some New Smyrna Beach residents took the qualifying exams for the Coast Guard Auxiliary. Members of the Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla 44 (called Flotilla 1-3 during World War II), manned the lookout tower in Ormond-By-The-Sea around the clock as they searched the coast for German submarines. This restored structure still stands today. A wooden tower in the rear of the Ormond Beach fire station on East Granada Avenue also became a watchtower.
Flotilla 44, Daytona Beach - 7th Coast Guard District, is one of the oldest Coast Guard Auxiliary flotillas in the United States. Flotilla 1-3 (present day Flotilla 44) was formally chartered on December 18, 1941.
German submarines arrived off the Atlantic Coast in January 1942. By May of that year, 180 vessels had been sunk. The Coast Guard Auxiliary responded to aid the sinking vessels and rescued those who were forced to abandon ship. At times, people on the beach could see these U-boat engagements. In addition to their responsibilities for patrolling the beaches of Volusia and Flagler Counties, members of Flotilla 1-3 also conducted river patrols on the Intracoastal Waterway and patrolled the offshore waters of the Atlantic Ocean searching for harbor infiltrators and enemy submarines.
Stanley Steamer cars came to Ormond Beach on January 24, 2006 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of a Stanley car setting the most famous land speed record on the beach on January 26, 1906. Stanley car owners World War II Submarine Tower came from as far away as Great Britain to mark the anniversary. Owners prefer to drive the cars rather than display them; they all raved about the magnificent beauty when they completed driving "The Loop."
For over a century the citizens of Ormond Beach and the surrounding communities and visitors to the area alike have learned to love and value the natural vistas and historic structures they see from the roadways that make up the Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail. Those within the community are deeply concerned with preserving and protecting the remaining unspoiled areas of forests, swamps, scrub dunes, and coastal marshes with its abundance of ecological systems and historic value in this area. Their work was successful, and today The Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail has been designated as an official Florida Scenic Highway.
Royal Arch Oak in c. 1905
Ormond Hotel in c. 1905
Orange Grove in c. 1905
Bostrom Oaks in c. 1908
Notable residents
Adelbert Ames , The last general officer of the American Civil War to die, passing away at age 97 in 1933
John D. Rockefeller , industrialist
Harry Wendelstedt , baseball umpire
Paul America , actor
Phil Dalhausser , 2008 Olympic gold medalist in beach volleyball
Sites of interest
Historic places
Anderson-Price Memorial Library Building
The Casements
Dix House
The Hammocks
John Anderson Lodge
Lippincott Mansion
Nocoroco
Ormond Hotel
Ormond Yacht Club
The Porches
Rowallan
Talahloka
Ormond Tomb, State Park
Parks and gardens
Bulow Creek State Park
Highbridge (County) Park
Ormond Memorial Art Museum & Gardens
North Peninsula State Park
Tomoka State Park
Other places
Ormond Beach Municipal Airport
Geography
Ormond Beach is located at 29°17′11″N 81°04′30″W / 29.286405°N 81.074882°W / 29.286405; -81.074882 (29.286405, -81.074882). [ 5 ]
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 75.3 km 2 (29.1 mi 2 ). 66.7 km 2 (25.8 mi 2 ) of it is land and 8.6 km 2 (3.3 mi 2 ) of it (11.42%) is water. Drained by the Tomoka River, Ormond Beach is located on the Halifax River lagoon and Atlantic Ocean.
Demographics
Granada Bridge in 2006
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 36,301 people, 15,629 households, and 10,533 families residing in the city. The population density was 544.3/km 2 (1,409.8/mi 2 ). There were 17,258 housing units at an average density of 258.8/km 2 (670.2/mi 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 94.28% White , 2.75% African American , 0.17% Native American , 1.44% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.31% from other races , and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.20% of the population.
There were 15,629 households out of which 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.75.
Tomoka River in c. 1905
In the city the population was spread out with 19.2% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 27.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,364, and the median income for a family was $52,496. Males had a median income of $38,598 versus $26,452 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,364. About 4.2% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.
City officials
City Hall in 2006
Mayor Fred Costello
Zone 1 City Commissioner Lori Gillooly
Zone 2 City Commissioner Troy Kent
Zone 3 City Commissioner Ed Kelley
Zone 4 City Commissioner Bill Partington
Media
Newspapers
Daytona Beach News-Journal - Online edition of daily newspaper covering the greater Daytona Beach area.
Radio stations
AM
WELE , 1380 AM, Ormond Beach, News/Talk
FM
WHOG-FM , 95.7 FM, Ormond Beach, Classic Rock
And others
Economy
Business
Ormond Beach is an active commercial and residential market in the dynamic Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach MSA. Manufacturers enjoy a healthy business climate and engage in global marketing.
Ormond Beach Business Park and Airpark, a foreign trade zone, is home to 29 companies that provide more than 2,000 jobs. Industrial and business sites are available.
Recent studies show the workforce to be educated, productive and competitive with 10 percent underemployed. Seven highly ranked colleges and universities and the acclaimed Advanced Technology Center support business needs with career advancement, workforce development and research. Education, health care and government are the area’s largest employers.
Among the corporations that call Ormond Beach home are:
CAPO (eye care products)
SOUTHERN ROOTS LAWN & GARDEN (local lawn care licensed and insured,also Ormond Chamber member)
Command Medical Products, Inc. (medical)
Costa Del Mar Headquarters (eye care products)
Florida Hospital Oceanside
Florida Production Engineering (automotive)
Hawaiian Tropic - Tanning Research Laboratories (skin care products)
Homac Manufacturing Company (electronics)
Hudson Technologies (deep draw manufacturer)
Microflex Inc.
US Food Service (distributor)
Vital Aire (health care)
HoleShot Performance Wheels (Drag-racing wheels)
Shopping
Bel-Aire Plaza
Ormond Mall
Ormond Town Square
River Gate Shopping Center
South Forty Shopping Center
The Trails Shopping Center
Volusia Mall
Wal-Mart Super Center
References
^ a b "American FactFinder" . United States Census Bureau . http://factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ "US Board on Geographic Names" . United States Geological Survey . 2007-10-25 . http://geonames.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
^ http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2004-04-12.xls census.gov
^ http://www.birthplaceofspeed2003.com/beginning.htm birthplaceofspeed2003.com
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990" . United States Census Bureau . 2005-05-03 . http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html . Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
External links
Find more about Category:Ormond_Beach,_Florida on Wikipedia's sister projects :
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Ormond Beach travel guide from Wikitravel
City of Ormond Beach
Tomoka State Park
Ormond Beach Chamber of Commerce
Ormond Beach Portal
Historic Photos from the Florida State Archives
Osteen
Osteen
padlocks
Contents
1 History
2 Rating
3 Components
4 Combination locks
5 Padlock icon symbolising a secure web transaction
6 See also
7 External links
//
History
Best Interchangeable Core Logo Padlock
Medieval padlock in Kathmandu
Viking Age padlock found at Birka .
The earliest padlocks used in America , sometimes called “smokehouse” locks, were formed from wrought iron sheet and employed simple lever and ward mechanisms. The design was brought over from England . These locks afforded little protection against forced and surreptitious entry. Contemporary with the smokehouse padlocks and originating in the Slavic areas of Europe, “screw key” padlocks opened with a helical key that was threaded into the keyhole . The key pulled the locking bolt open against a strong spring. Padlocks that offered more key variance were the demise of the screw lock. Improved manufacturing methods allowed the manufacture of better padlocks that put an end to the Smokehouse around 1910.
Around the middle of the 19th century, “Scandinavian” style locks were introduced in America and became a more secure alternative to the prevailing smokehouse and screw locks. These locks had a cast iron body that was loaded with a stack of rotating disks. Each disk had a central cutout to allow the key to pass through them and two notches cut out on the edge of the disc. When locked, the discs passed through cut-outs on the shackle. The key rotated each disk until the notches, placed along the edge of each tumbler in different places, lined up with the shackle, allowing the shackle to slide out of the body. The McWilliams company received a patent for these locks in 1871. The “Scandinavian” design was so successful that JHW Climax & Co. of Newark, New Jersey continued to make these padlocks until the 1950s. Today, other countries are still manufacturing this style of padlock.
Contemporary with the Scandinavian padlock ( "Polhem locks" ) were the “cast heart” locks, so called because of their shape. A significantly stronger lock than the smokehouse and much more resistant to corrosion than the Scandinavian, the hearts had a lock body sand cast from brass or bronze and a more secure lever mechanism. Heart locks had two prominent characteristics: one was a spring-loaded cover that pivoted over the keyhole to keep dirt and insects out of the lock that was called a “drop”. The other was a point formed at the bottom of the lock so a chain could be attached to the lock body to prevent the lock from getting lost or stolen. Cast heart locks were very popular with railroads for locking switches and cars because of their economical cost and excellent ability to open reliably in dirty, moist, and frozen environments.
Around the 1870s, lock makers realized they could successfully package the same locking mechanism found in cast heart locks into a more economical steel or brass shell instead of having to cast a thick metal body. These lock shells were stamped out of flat metal stock, filled with lever tumblers, and then riveted together. Although more fragile than the cast hearts, these locks were attractive because they cost less. In 1908, Adams & Westlake patented a stamped & riveted switch lock that was so economical that many railroads stopped using the popular cast hearts and went with this new stamped shell lock body design. Many lock manufacturers made this very popular style of lock.
Early padlock style, on the front gates of St. Peter's Basilica
Ottoman style handmade padlocks in Turkey
In 1877 Yale & Towne was granted a patent for a padlock that housed a stack of levers and had a shackle that swung away when unlocked. It was a notable design because the levers were sub-assembled into a “cartridge” that could be slid into a cast brass body shell. The assembly would remain together by means of two taper pins passed through the shell and cartridge. This design gave the commercial padlock market a serviceable, rekeyable padlock. About twenty years later Yale made another “cartridge” style padlock that employed their famous pin tumbler mechanism and a shackle that slid out of the body instead of swinging away.
Although machining metal was a method that was available to lock makers since the early 1800s, it was not economically feasible to do so until the very early 1900s when electrical generation and distribution became widespread. Some of the earliest padlocks (c. 1905) that were made from a machined block of cast or extruded metal resemble today’s modern padlock. Corbin and Eagle were one of the first lock makers to machine a solid block of metal and insert a relatively new pin tumbler mechanism and a sliding shackle into the holes machined into the body. This style of padlock was both strong and easy to manufacture. Many machined body padlocks were designed to be disassembled so that locksmiths could easily fit the locks to a certain key. The machined body padlocks are still very popular today. The process of machining allows many modern padlocks to have a “shroud” covering the shackle, which is an extension of the body around the shackle to protect the shackle from getting sheared or cut.
In the early 1920s, Harry Soref started Master Lock off with the first laminated padlock. Plates that were punched from sheet metal were stacked and assembled. Holes that were formed in the middle of the plates made room to accommodate the locking mechanism. The entire stack of plates, loaded with the lock parts in it, was riveted together. This padlock was popular for its low cost and an impact-resistant laminated plate design. Today, many lock makers copy this very efficient and successful design.
Die-casting became popular in the early 1930s among lock makers. Not only was it a very inexpensive way to make padlocks, but it allowed designers to design padlocks with a broad range of geometrical features and ornate designs that sand casting and machining wouldn’t allow. Some lock makers, like Junkunc Brothers , augmented their machined solid body padlock products with the less expensive and more attractive die-cast bodied padlocks. The Wise Lock Company embraced this new medium in making a novel padlock that, with the key inserted, would split lengthwise along the body in order to create an opening in the shackle. Chicago Lock pioneered their new “double bitted wafer” and “ACE” products by installing them into a die cast body. With the advent of inexpensive machining done overseas and the overall poor perception of the security of die cast locks , they no longer dominate today’s padlock market.
Rating
A high security padlock.
Forced entry involves the use of tools such as hammers , bolt cutters , chisels , and drills ; consequently, forced entry attacks exhibit obvious signs of entry. Surreptitious attacks involve picks , bump keys , shims , unauthorized key duplication, and other bypass techniques that, when employed, do not show obvious signs of compromise.
A quantitative measure of a padlock’s resistance to forced and surreptitious entry can be determined with tests developed by organizations such as ASTM , Sold Secure (United Kingdom), CEN (Europe), and TNO (The Netherlands).
Components
A padlock is composed of a body, shackle , and a locking mechanism. The typical shackle is a “U” shaped loop of metal (round or square in cross-section) that encompasses what is being secured by the padlock (i.e., chain link or hasp). Generally, most padlock shackles either swing away (typical of older padlocks) or slide out of the padlock body when in the unlocked position. Unusually designed padlocks may include a straight, circular, or flexible (cable) shackles. Some shackles split apart and come together to lock and unlock.
There are two basic types of padlock locking mechanisms: integrated & modular. Integrated locking mechanisms directly engage the padlock’s shackle with the tumblers. Examples of integrated locking mechanisms are rotating disks (found in "Scandinavian" style padlocks where a disk rotated by the key enters a notch cut into the shackle to block it from moving) or lever tumblers (where a portion of the bolt that secures the shackle enters the tumblers when the correct key is turned in the lock). Padlocks with integrated locking mechanisms are characterized by a design that does not allow disassembly of the padlock. They are usually older than padlocks with modular mechanisms and often require the use of a key to lock.
The more modern modular locking mechanisms, however, do not directly employ the tumblers to lock the shackle. Instead, they have a plug within the “cylinder” that, with the correct key, turns and allows a mechanism, referred to as a “locking dog” (such as the ball bearings found in American Lock Company padlocks) to retract from notches cut into the shackle. Padlocks with modular locking mechanisms can often be taken apart to change the tumblers or to service the lock. Modular locking mechanism cylinders frequently employ pin, wafer, and disk tumblers. Padlocks with modular mechanisms are usually automatic, or self-locking (that is, the key is not required to lock the padlock)
Combination locks
Main article: Combination lock
Combination padlocks do not use keys. Instead, the lock opens when its wheels are lined up correctly to display the correct combination .
Padlock icon symbolising a secure web transaction
While executing secure transactions on the web, the submitted information (could be either text or graphic) is encoded using a public cipher key of the receiving node. Usually, when such a transaction is being submitted by some GUI enabled clients (like Internet Explorer , Netscape etc), a locked padlock icon appears, signifying the security, because decoding requires a Private Key .
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Padlock
Pin tumbler lock
Kent Police Museum Home of the world's largest working padlock.
padlocks
Contents
1 History
2 Rating
3 Components
4 Combination locks
5 Padlock icon symbolising a secure web transaction
6 See also
7 External links
//
History
Best Interchangeable Core Logo Padlock
Medieval padlock in Kathmandu
Viking Age padlock found at Birka .
The earliest padlocks used in America , sometimes called “smokehouse” locks, were formed from wrought iron sheet and employed simple lever and ward mechanisms. The design was brought over from England . These locks afforded little protection against forced and surreptitious entry. Contemporary with the smokehouse padlocks and originating in the Slavic areas of Europe, “screw key” padlocks opened with a helical key that was threaded into the keyhole . The key pulled the locking bolt open against a strong spring. Padlocks that offered more key variance were the demise of the screw lock. Improved manufacturing methods allowed the manufacture of better padlocks that put an end to the Smokehouse around 1910.
Around the middle of the 19th century, “Scandinavian” style locks were introduced in America and became a more secure alternative to the prevailing smokehouse and screw locks. These locks had a cast iron body that was loaded with a stack of rotating disks. Each disk had a central cutout to allow the key to pass through them and two notches cut out on the edge of the disc. When locked, the discs passed through cut-outs on the shackle. The key rotated each disk until the notches, placed along the edge of each tumbler in different places, lined up with the shackle, allowing the shackle to slide out of the body. The McWilliams company received a patent for these locks in 1871. The “Scandinavian” design was so successful that JHW Climax & Co. of Newark, New Jersey continued to make these padlocks until the 1950s. Today, other countries are still manufacturing this style of padlock.
Contemporary with the Scandinavian padlock ( "Polhem locks" ) were the “cast heart” locks, so called because of their shape. A significantly stronger lock than the smokehouse and much more resistant to corrosion than the Scandinavian, the hearts had a lock body sand cast from brass or bronze and a more secure lever mechanism. Heart locks had two prominent characteristics: one was a spring-loaded cover that pivoted over the keyhole to keep dirt and insects out of the lock that was called a “drop”. The other was a point formed at the bottom of the lock so a chain could be attached to the lock body to prevent the lock from getting lost or stolen. Cast heart locks were very popular with railroads for locking switches and cars because of their economical cost and excellent ability to open reliably in dirty, moist, and frozen environments.
Around the 1870s, lock makers realized they could successfully package the same locking mechanism found in cast heart locks into a more economical steel or brass shell instead of having to cast a thick metal body. These lock shells were stamped out of flat metal stock, filled with lever tumblers, and then riveted together. Although more fragile than the cast hearts, these locks were attractive because they cost less. In 1908, Adams & Westlake patented a stamped & riveted switch lock that was so economical that many railroads stopped using the popular cast hearts and went with this new stamped shell lock body design. Many lock manufacturers made this very popular style of lock.
Early padlock style, on the front gates of St. Peter's Basilica
Ottoman style handmade padlocks in Turkey
In 1877 Yale & Towne was granted a patent for a padlock that housed a stack of levers and had a shackle that swung away when unlocked. It was a notable design because the levers were sub-assembled into a “cartridge” that could be slid into a cast brass body shell. The assembly would remain together by means of two taper pins passed through the shell and cartridge. This design gave the commercial padlock market a serviceable, rekeyable padlock. About twenty years later Yale made another “cartridge” style padlock that employed their famous pin tumbler mechanism and a shackle that slid out of the body instead of swinging away.
Although machining metal was a method that was available to lock makers since the early 1800s, it was not economically feasible to do so until the very early 1900s when electrical generation and distribution became widespread. Some of the earliest padlocks (c. 1905) that were made from a machined block of cast or extruded metal resemble today’s modern padlock. Corbin and Eagle were one of the first lock makers to machine a solid block of metal and insert a relatively new pin tumbler mechanism and a sliding shackle into the holes machined into the body. This style of padlock was both strong and easy to manufacture. Many machined body padlocks were designed to be disassembled so that locksmiths could easily fit the locks to a certain key. The machined body padlocks are still very popular today. The process of machining allows many modern padlocks to have a “shroud” covering the shackle, which is an extension of the body around the shackle to protect the shackle from getting sheared or cut.
In the early 1920s, Harry Soref started Master Lock off with the first laminated padlock. Plates that were punched from sheet metal were stacked and assembled. Holes that were formed in the middle of the plates made room to accommodate the locking mechanism. The entire stack of plates, loaded with the lock parts in it, was riveted together. This padlock was popular for its low cost and an impact-resistant laminated plate design. Today, many lock makers copy this very efficient and successful design.
Die-casting became popular in the early 1930s among lock makers. Not only was it a very inexpensive way to make padlocks, but it allowed designers to design padlocks with a broad range of geometrical features and ornate designs that sand casting and machining wouldn’t allow. Some lock makers, like Junkunc Brothers , augmented their machined solid body padlock products with the less expensive and more attractive die-cast bodied padlocks. The Wise Lock Company embraced this new medium in making a novel padlock that, with the key inserted, would split lengthwise along the body in order to create an opening in the shackle. Chicago Lock pioneered their new “double bitted wafer” and “ACE” products by installing them into a die cast body. With the advent of inexpensive machining done overseas and the overall poor perception of the security of die cast locks , they no longer dominate today’s padlock market.
Rating
A high security padlock.
Forced entry involves the use of tools such as hammers , bolt cutters , chisels , and drills ; consequently, forced entry attacks exhibit obvious signs of entry. Surreptitious attacks involve picks , bump keys , shims , unauthorized key duplication, and other bypass techniques that, when employed, do not show obvious signs of compromise.
A quantitative measure of a padlock’s resistance to forced and surreptitious entry can be determined with tests developed by organizations such as ASTM , Sold Secure (United Kingdom), CEN (Europe), and TNO (The Netherlands).
Components
A padlock is composed of a body, shackle , and a locking mechanism. The typical shackle is a “U” shaped loop of metal (round or square in cross-section) that encompasses what is being secured by the padlock (i.e., chain link or hasp). Generally, most padlock shackles either swing away (typical of older padlocks) or slide out of the padlock body when in the unlocked position. Unusually designed padlocks may include a straight, circular, or flexible (cable) shackles. Some shackles split apart and come together to lock and unlock.
There are two basic types of padlock locking mechanisms: integrated & modular. Integrated locking mechanisms directly engage the padlock’s shackle with the tumblers. Examples of integrated locking mechanisms are rotating disks (found in "Scandinavian" style padlocks where a disk rotated by the key enters a notch cut into the shackle to block it from moving) or lever tumblers (where a portion of the bolt that secures the shackle enters the tumblers when the correct key is turned in the lock). Padlocks with integrated locking mechanisms are characterized by a design that does not allow disassembly of the padlock. They are usually older than padlocks with modular mechanisms and often require the use of a key to lock.
The more modern modular locking mechanisms, however, do not directly employ the tumblers to lock the shackle. Instead, they have a plug within the “cylinder” that, with the correct key, turns and allows a mechanism, referred to as a “locking dog” (such as the ball bearings found in American Lock Company padlocks) to retract from notches cut into the shackle. Padlocks with modular locking mechanisms can often be taken apart to change the tumblers or to service the lock. Modular locking mechanism cylinders frequently employ pin, wafer, and disk tumblers. Padlocks with modular mechanisms are usually automatic, or self-locking (that is, the key is not required to lock the padlock)
Combination locks
Main article: Combination lock
Combination padlocks do not use keys. Instead, the lock opens when its wheels are lined up correctly to display the correct combination .
Padlock icon symbolising a secure web transaction
While executing secure transactions on the web, the submitted information (could be either text or graphic) is encoded using a public cipher key of the receiving node. Usually, when such a transaction is being submitted by some GUI enabled clients (like Internet Explorer , Netscape etc), a locked padlock icon appears, signifying the security, because decoding requires a Private Key .
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Padlock
Pin tumbler lock
Kent Police Museum Home of the world's largest working padlock.
Palm Coast
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Economy
5 References
6 External links
//
History
Developed by ITT Community Development Corporation (Levitt) in 1969, the original development plan encompasses 48,000 home sites on approximately 42,000 acres (170 km²) of the 68,000 acres (280 km²) owned by ITT. Paved street and central water and sewer serve all lots developed within the plan. An extensive water management system was designed to replenish the area's water table, which includes 46 miles (74 km) of freshwater canals and 23 miles (37 km) of saltwater canals.
In 1975, the Flagler County Board of County Commissioners established Palm Coast Service District, which included almost 40,000 acres (160 km²). Funds for the district were derived primarily from ad Valorem taxes and were utilized to provide fire services, fire hydrants, street lighting, animal control and emergency services.
Florida had its first serious "wildland urban interface" fire in 1985 with the Palm Coast Fire, which burned 131 homes. Research on this fire indicated that the most important factor was the proximity of heavy ground vegetation to the structure. Thirteen years later, fires struck the same Palm Coast subdivision. The 1998 fires were national news because the whole county was ordered to evacuate and 45,000 people were displaced. Fire suppression organizations responded from 44 states and Florida hosted the largest aerial suppression operation ever conducted in the United States. Because of the massive effort, only 71 homes were destroyed. [ 6 ]
In September 1999, the citizenry of Palm Coast voted overwhelmingly by a margin of two to one to incorporate as a council/manager form of government. On December 31, 1999, the City of Palm Coast was officially incorporated. On October 1, 2000, all services were officially transferred from the former Service District to the City of Palm Coast . The five-member City Council is elected at large and serves staggered four-year terms. One member is elected as Mayor. The promulgation and adoption of policy are the responsibility of the Council and the execution of such policy is the responsibility of the council appointed city manager. The city hired its first city manager on April 17, 2000.
The city provides a wide range of services including development services, fire services, street construction and maintenance, parks and recreational activities. Palm Coast contracts with the Flagler County Sheriff's Office for law enforcement services. The city currently has plans under way for a new City Hall, a town center, new fire stations, and additional lands for parks. Preservation and protection of environmentally sensitive lands is a key goal of this city as it prepares for the future.
Geography
Palm Coast is located at 29°32′17″N 81°13′24″W / 29.538128°N 81.223385°W / 29.538128; -81.223385 . [ 7 ] According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 51.7 mi² (133.9 km²). 50.72 square miles (131 km 2 ) of it is land and 0.98 square miles (3 km 2 ) of it (1.90%) is water.
The area around Palm Coast has not seen a direct hit from a hurricane since well before 1950. A unique location on the eastern seaboard coupled with prevailing wind and ocean currents have so far managed to steer hurricanes away from the community.
Palm Coast has become a quiet bedroom community for St. Augustine and Daytona Beach workers, while many locals work in Orlando and Jacksonville and commute from Palm Coast.
Demographics
As of the census [ 4 ] of 2000, there were 32,732 people, 13,628 households, and 10,534 families residing in the city. The population density was 645.4/mi² (249.2/km²). There were 14,929 housing units at an average density of 294.4/mi² (113.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 85.04% White , 10.27% African American , 0.24% Native American , 1.52% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 1.23% from other races , and 1.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.71% of the population.
There were 13,628 households out of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.68.
In the city the population was spread out with 18.5% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 19.7% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 30.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $41,570, and the median income for a family was $45,818. Males had a median income of $31,976 versus $24,637 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,490. About 5.6% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Industrial parks within this town currently house more than 30 mid-size businesses with the largest one, the "Palm Coast Data" company, employing close to 1,000 people. Flagler County has had one of the highest rates of population growth in the United States since 1990, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census . However, the area was hit extremely hard by the housing bust's recession. In December 2009, it had the worst unemployment rate of the state of Florida's largest metropolitan areas, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.The unemployment rate was 16.9 percent. [ 8 ]
Palm Coast
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Economy
5 References
6 External links
//
History
Developed by ITT Community Development Corporation (Levitt) in 1969, the original development plan encompasses 48,000 home sites on approximately 42,000 acres (170 km²) of the 68,000 acres (280 km²) owned by ITT. Paved street and central water and sewer serve all lots developed within the plan. An extensive water management system was designed to replenish the area's water table, which includes 46 miles (74 km) of freshwater canals and 23 miles (37 km) of saltwater canals.
In 1975, the Flagler County Board of County Commissioners established Palm Coast Service District, which included almost 40,000 acres (160 km²). Funds for the district were derived primarily from ad Valorem taxes and were utilized to provide fire services, fire hydrants, street lighting, animal control and emergency services.
Florida had its first serious "wildland urban interface" fire in 1985 with the Palm Coast Fire, which burned 131 homes. Research on this fire indicated that the most important factor was the proximity of heavy ground vegetation to the structure. Thirteen years later, fires struck the same Palm Coast subdivision. The 1998 fires were national news because the whole county was ordered to evacuate and 45,000 people were displaced. Fire suppression organizations responded from 44 states and Florida hosted the largest aerial suppression operation ever conducted in the United States. Because of the massive effort, only 71 homes were destroyed. [ 6 ]
In September 1999, the citizenry of Palm Coast voted overwhelmingly by a margin of two to one to incorporate as a council/manager form of government. On December 31, 1999, the City of Palm Coast was officially incorporated. On October 1, 2000, all services were officially transferred from the former Service District to the City of Palm Coast . The five-member City Council is elected at large and serves staggered four-year terms. One member is elected as Mayor. The promulgation and adoption of policy are the responsibility of the Council and the execution of such policy is the responsibility of the council appointed city manager. The city hired its first city manager on April 17, 2000.
The city provides a wide range of services including development services, fire services, street construction and maintenance, parks and recreational activities. Palm Coast contracts with the Flagler County Sheriff's Office for law enforcement services. The city currently has plans under way for a new City Hall, a town center, new fire stations, and additional lands for parks. Preservation and protection of environmentally sensitive lands is a key goal of this city as it prepares for the future.
Geography
Palm Coast is located at 29°32′17″N 81°13′24″W / 29.538128°N 81.223385°W / 29.538128; -81.223385 . [ 7 ] According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 51.7 mi² (133.9 km²). 50.72 square miles (131 km 2 ) of it is land and 0.98 square miles (3 km 2 ) of it (1.90%) is water.
The area around Palm Coast has not seen a direct hit from a hurricane since well before 1950. A unique location on the eastern seaboard coupled with prevailing wind and ocean currents have so far managed to steer hurricanes away from the community.
Palm Coast has become a quiet bedroom community for St. Augustine and Daytona Beach workers, while many locals work in Orlando and Jacksonville and commute from Palm Coast.
Demographics
As of the census [ 4 ] of 2000, there were 32,732 people, 13,628 households, and 10,534 families residing in the city. The population density was 645.4/mi² (249.2/km²). There were 14,929 housing units at an average density of 294.4/mi² (113.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 85.04% White , 10.27% African American , 0.24% Native American , 1.52% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 1.23% from other races , and 1.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.71% of the population.
There were 13,628 households out of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.68.
In the city the population was spread out with 18.5% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 19.7% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 30.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $41,570, and the median income for a family was $45,818. Males had a median income of $31,976 versus $24,637 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,490. About 5.6% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Industrial parks within this town currently house more than 30 mid-size businesses with the largest one, the "Palm Coast Data" company, employing close to 1,000 people. Flagler County has had one of the highest rates of population growth in the United States since 1990, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census . However, the area was hit extremely hard by the housing bust's recession. In December 2009, it had the worst unemployment rate of the state of Florida's largest metropolitan areas, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.The unemployment rate was 16.9 percent. [ 8 ]
panic devices
Many countries' building codes require them on all fire and emergency exits . They are so named because they can be operated by someone "crashing" into them; the alternate term "panic bar" implies a similar meaning.
Many of these doors are one-way, and cannot be opened from the outside. To use this device on a two-way door, another type of handle must be mounted on the opposite side.
The idea was first put into practice after the events of the Victoria Hall disaster in Sunderland , England in 1883. It saw widespread use after the Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago , United States , which killed 602 people on December 30, 1903. Indianapolis hardware salesman Carl Prinzler missed a scheduled visit to Chicago's Iroquois Theatre in 1903, thus escaping a disaster. Obsessed with the needless loss of lives, Prinzler was determined to solve the problem of public buildings that often turned into death traps when doors were locked to keep gate crashers out. Prinzler teamed up with his neighbor, Henry DuPont, an architectural engineer, who invented the first working device. The initial model, introduced in 1908, was marketed by Vonnegut Hardware Company under the name Von Duprin, a contraction of Vonnegut, DuPont and Prinzler.
panic devices
Many countries' building codes require them on all fire and emergency exits . They are so named because they can be operated by someone "crashing" into them; the alternate term "panic bar" implies a similar meaning.
Many of these doors are one-way, and cannot be opened from the outside. To use this device on a two-way door, another type of handle must be mounted on the opposite side.
The idea was first put into practice after the events of the Victoria Hall disaster in Sunderland , England in 1883. It saw widespread use after the Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago , United States , which killed 602 people on December 30, 1903. Indianapolis hardware salesman Carl Prinzler missed a scheduled visit to Chicago's Iroquois Theatre in 1903, thus escaping a disaster. Obsessed with the needless loss of lives, Prinzler was determined to solve the problem of public buildings that often turned into death traps when doors were locked to keep gate crashers out. Prinzler teamed up with his neighbor, Henry DuPont, an architectural engineer, who invented the first working device. The initial model, introduced in 1908, was marketed by Vonnegut Hardware Company under the name Von Duprin, a contraction of Vonnegut, DuPont and Prinzler.
Pierson
Contents
1 About Pierson
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Town Hall
5 References
//
About Pierson
Pierson is the northernmost incorporated town in Volusia County .
"Fern Capital of the World"
Pierson is heavily reliant on agriculture which mainly consists of fern growing. Its ferns are exported worldwide for use in floral arrangements and other decorations.
Pierson is the hometown of Atlanta Braves star Chipper Jones .
Historic US 17 runs through the town.
Geography
Pierson is located at 29°14′30″N 81°27′24″W / 29.24167°N 81.45667°W / 29.24167; -81.45667 (29.241713, -81.456594) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 22.6 km² (8.7 mi² ). 21.1 km² (8.1 mi²) of it is land and 1.6 km² (0.6 mi²) of it (6.86%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 2,596 people, 484 households, and 378 families residing in the town. The population density was 123.1/km² (319.1/mi²). There were 514 housing units at an average density of 24.4/km² (63.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 81.93% White , 4.93% African American , 0.27% Native American , 0.08% Asian , 11.48% from other races , and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62.44% of the population.
There were 484 households out of which 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.35 and the average family size was 3.71.
In the town the population was spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 18.7% from 18 to 24, 38.4% from 25 to 44, 14.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 142.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 149.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $26,773, and the median income for a family was $27,461. Males had a median income of $30,247 versus $14,605 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,450. About 22.8% of families and 33.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 39.9% of those under age 18 and 21.8% of those age 65 or over.
Pierson
Contents
1 About Pierson
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Town Hall
5 References
//
About Pierson
Pierson is the northernmost incorporated town in Volusia County .
"Fern Capital of the World"
Pierson is heavily reliant on agriculture which mainly consists of fern growing. Its ferns are exported worldwide for use in floral arrangements and other decorations.
Pierson is the hometown of Atlanta Braves star Chipper Jones .
Historic US 17 runs through the town.
Geography
Pierson is located at 29°14′30″N 81°27′24″W / 29.24167°N 81.45667°W / 29.24167; -81.45667 (29.241713, -81.456594) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 22.6 km² (8.7 mi² ). 21.1 km² (8.1 mi²) of it is land and 1.6 km² (0.6 mi²) of it (6.86%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 2,596 people, 484 households, and 378 families residing in the town. The population density was 123.1/km² (319.1/mi²). There were 514 housing units at an average density of 24.4/km² (63.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 81.93% White , 4.93% African American , 0.27% Native American , 0.08% Asian , 11.48% from other races , and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62.44% of the population.
There were 484 households out of which 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.35 and the average family size was 3.71.
In the town the population was spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 18.7% from 18 to 24, 38.4% from 25 to 44, 14.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 142.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 149.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $26,773, and the median income for a family was $27,461. Males had a median income of $30,247 versus $14,605 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,450. About 22.8% of families and 33.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 39.9% of those under age 18 and 21.8% of those age 65 or over.
Ponce Inlet
The Town of Ponce Inlet is located on the southern tip of a beach peninsula, south of Daytona Beach and Daytona Beach Shores . Several marinas are located in Ponce Inlet, which is considered one of the area's prime fishing spots. The area is prized by residents for its relaxed lifestyle and natural, uncrowded beaches.
Contents
1 The lighthouse
2 Geography
3 Law and government
3.1 Local government
3.2 Local elected officials
3.3 Federal, state and county representation
4 Demographics
5 Points of interest
6 References
7 External links
//
The lighthouse
Main article: Ponce de Leon Inlet Light
Completed in 1887, the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light Station was built when the area was known as Mosquito Inlet. After decades of restoration by the Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse Preservation Association, it stands today as one of the best preserved, most complete Light Stations in the nation.
Visited by over 80,000 people each year, the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light Station was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1998. The lighthouse tower and museum are located 12 miles south of Daytona Beach and are open to the public year round. The lighthouse is close to Orlando attractions, historic St. Augustine and the Kennedy Space Center. The Ponce Inlet Lighthouse is the tallest lighthouse in Florida and the second tallest lighthouse in the nation. Visitors who climb the 175-foot-tall lighthouse tower are treated to a magnificent view of the Florida coastline and Halifax River from Daytona Beach to New Smyrna Beach.
The lighthouse keepers ' dwellings and other historic light station buildings are now home to the lighthouse museum, with exhibits on lighthouse life, lighthouse and Fresnel lens restoration, the keepers and their families, Daytona Beach and Florida history, and shipwrecks . The Ayres Davies Lens Exhibit Building houses one of the finest collections of restored Fresnel lenses in the world, including the rotating first order Fresnel lens from the Cape Canaveral lighthouse and the restored original Ponce Inlet lighthouse first order Fresnel lens.
Geography
Aerial view
Ponce Inlet is on a peninsula at 29°5′41″N 80°56′33″W / 29.09472°N 80.9425°W / 29.09472; -80.9425 (29.094744, -80.942599), [ 4 ] adjacent to the Ponce de León Inlet , and between the Halifax River and Atlantic Ocean .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 38.0 km² (14.7 mi²). 11.2 km² (4.3 mi²) of it is land and 26.8 km² (10.3 mi²) of it (70.48%) is water.
Law and government
Local government
Ponce Inlet is organized with a council-manager form of government; voters elect a Town Council which consists of five members who serve two-year, staggered terms. All five seats including the Mayor are town-wide, there are no districted seats.The Town Council establishes ordinances and policies for the town. It also reviews and approves the town budget annually. The Council appoints a Town Manager, who carries out the will of the Council and handles day-to-day business.
Ponce Inlet
The Town of Ponce Inlet is located on the southern tip of a beach peninsula, south of Daytona Beach and Daytona Beach Shores . Several marinas are located in Ponce Inlet, which is considered one of the area's prime fishing spots. The area is prized by residents for its relaxed lifestyle and natural, uncrowded beaches.
Contents
1 The lighthouse
2 Geography
3 Law and government
3.1 Local government
3.2 Local elected officials
3.3 Federal, state and county representation
4 Demographics
5 Points of interest
6 References
7 External links
//
The lighthouse
Main article: Ponce de Leon Inlet Light
Completed in 1887, the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light Station was built when the area was known as Mosquito Inlet. After decades of restoration by the Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse Preservation Association, it stands today as one of the best preserved, most complete Light Stations in the nation.
Visited by over 80,000 people each year, the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light Station was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1998. The lighthouse tower and museum are located 12 miles south of Daytona Beach and are open to the public year round. The lighthouse is close to Orlando attractions, historic St. Augustine and the Kennedy Space Center. The Ponce Inlet Lighthouse is the tallest lighthouse in Florida and the second tallest lighthouse in the nation. Visitors who climb the 175-foot-tall lighthouse tower are treated to a magnificent view of the Florida coastline and Halifax River from Daytona Beach to New Smyrna Beach.
The lighthouse keepers ' dwellings and other historic light station buildings are now home to the lighthouse museum, with exhibits on lighthouse life, lighthouse and Fresnel lens restoration, the keepers and their families, Daytona Beach and Florida history, and shipwrecks . The Ayres Davies Lens Exhibit Building houses one of the finest collections of restored Fresnel lenses in the world, including the rotating first order Fresnel lens from the Cape Canaveral lighthouse and the restored original Ponce Inlet lighthouse first order Fresnel lens.
Geography
Aerial view
Ponce Inlet is on a peninsula at 29°5′41″N 80°56′33″W / 29.09472°N 80.9425°W / 29.09472; -80.9425 (29.094744, -80.942599), [ 4 ] adjacent to the Ponce de León Inlet , and between the Halifax River and Atlantic Ocean .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 38.0 km² (14.7 mi²). 11.2 km² (4.3 mi²) of it is land and 26.8 km² (10.3 mi²) of it (70.48%) is water.
Law and government
Local government
Ponce Inlet is organized with a council-manager form of government; voters elect a Town Council which consists of five members who serve two-year, staggered terms. All five seats including the Mayor are town-wide, there are no districted seats.The Town Council establishes ordinances and policies for the town. It also reviews and approves the town budget annually. The Council appoints a Town Manager, who carries out the will of the Council and handles day-to-day business.
Port Orange
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Economy
4 Education
4.1 Elementary schools
4.2 Middle schools
4.3 High schools
4.4 Colleges and universities
5 Notable residents (past and present)
6 References
7 External links
//
Geography
Port Orange is located at 29°7′8″N 81°0′10″W / 29.11889°N 81.00278°W / 29.11889; -81.00278 (29.118970, -81.002906) [ 6 ] . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 26.7 mi² (69.1 km²). 24.7 mi² (64.0 km²) of it is land and 2.0 mi² (5.1 km²) of it (7.39%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 3 ] of 2000, there were 45,823 people, 19,574 households, and 13,232 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,854.7/mi² (716.0/km²). There were 21,102 housing units at an average density of 854.1/mi² (329.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.59% White , 1.58% African American , 0.26% Native American , 1.14% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.53% from other races , and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.51% of the population.
There were 19,574 households out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,783, and the median income for a family was $44,684. Males had a median income of $32,147 versus $22,391 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,628. About 5.0% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Port Orange is characterized by a stable and successful business climate that develops, nurtures and embraces quality businesses and industries.
Recent studies show the workforce to be educated, productive and competitive with 10 percent under-employed. Seven highly ranked colleges and universities and the acclaimed Advanced Technology Center support business needs with career advancement, workforce development and research.
Education , health care and government are the area’s largest employers. Mostly small and successful manufacturing enterprises play an increasing role in the global marketplace . A new hub of medical and health care suppliers/manufacturers complements Port Orange’s new Halifax Hospital and new Palmer College of Chiropractic .
Among the numerous corporate partners that call Port Orange home are:
Port Orange
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Economy
4 Education
4.1 Elementary schools
4.2 Middle schools
4.3 High schools
4.4 Colleges and universities
5 Notable residents (past and present)
6 References
7 External links
//
Geography
Port Orange is located at 29°7′8″N 81°0′10″W / 29.11889°N 81.00278°W / 29.11889; -81.00278 (29.118970, -81.002906) [ 6 ] . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 26.7 mi² (69.1 km²). 24.7 mi² (64.0 km²) of it is land and 2.0 mi² (5.1 km²) of it (7.39%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 3 ] of 2000, there were 45,823 people, 19,574 households, and 13,232 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,854.7/mi² (716.0/km²). There were 21,102 housing units at an average density of 854.1/mi² (329.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.59% White , 1.58% African American , 0.26% Native American , 1.14% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.53% from other races , and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.51% of the population.
There were 19,574 households out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,783, and the median income for a family was $44,684. Males had a median income of $32,147 versus $22,391 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,628. About 5.0% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Port Orange is characterized by a stable and successful business climate that develops, nurtures and embraces quality businesses and industries.
Recent studies show the workforce to be educated, productive and competitive with 10 percent under-employed. Seven highly ranked colleges and universities and the acclaimed Advanced Technology Center support business needs with career advancement, workforce development and research.
Education , health care and government are the area’s largest employers. Mostly small and successful manufacturing enterprises play an increasing role in the global marketplace . A new hub of medical and health care suppliers/manufacturers complements Port Orange’s new Halifax Hospital and new Palmer College of Chiropractic .
Among the numerous corporate partners that call Port Orange home are:
re-key
Rekeying was first invented in 1836 by Solomon Andrews, a New Jersey locksmith. His lock had adjustable tumblers and keys, allowing the owner to rekey it at any time. Later in the 1850s, inventors Andrews and Newell patented removable tumblers which could be taken apart and scrambled. The keys had bits that were interchangeable, matching varying tumbler configurations. This arrangement later became the basis for combination locks . [ 1 ]
In cryptography, rekeying refers to the process of changing the encryption key of an ongoing communication in order to limit the amount of data encrypted with the same key.
Roughly equivalent to the classical procedure of changing codes on a daily basis, the key is changed after a pre-set volume of data has been transmitted, a given period of time has passed or either.
In contemporary systems, rekeying is implemented by forcing a new key exchange , typically through a separate protocol like Internet key exchange (IKE) . The procedure is handled transparently to the user.
A prominent application is Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) , the extended security protocol for wireless networks that addresses the shortcomings of its predecessor, WEP , by frequently replacing session keys through the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) , thus defeating some well-known key recovery attacks .
See also
Diffie-Hellman key exchange
IPsec : Internet key exchange (IKE)
OTAR (Over-The-Air-Rekeying)
re-key
Rekeying was first invented in 1836 by Solomon Andrews, a New Jersey locksmith. His lock had adjustable tumblers and keys, allowing the owner to rekey it at any time. Later in the 1850s, inventors Andrews and Newell patented removable tumblers which could be taken apart and scrambled. The keys had bits that were interchangeable, matching varying tumbler configurations. This arrangement later became the basis for combination locks . [ 1 ]
In cryptography, rekeying refers to the process of changing the encryption key of an ongoing communication in order to limit the amount of data encrypted with the same key.
Roughly equivalent to the classical procedure of changing codes on a daily basis, the key is changed after a pre-set volume of data has been transmitted, a given period of time has passed or either.
In contemporary systems, rekeying is implemented by forcing a new key exchange , typically through a separate protocol like Internet key exchange (IKE) . The procedure is handled transparently to the user.
A prominent application is Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) , the extended security protocol for wireless networks that addresses the shortcomings of its predecessor, WEP , by frequently replacing session keys through the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) , thus defeating some well-known key recovery attacks .
See also
Diffie-Hellman key exchange
IPsec : Internet key exchange (IKE)
OTAR (Over-The-Air-Rekeying)
safes
Contents
1 Specifications
2 Room-sized fireproof vaults
3 Fire-resistant safes
4 Jewelry safes
5 UL certification for safes
5.1 Class 125
5.2 Class 150
5.3 Class 350
5.4 Class TL-15
5.5 Class TL-30
5.6 Class TL-40
5.7 Class TRTL-30
5.8 Class TRTL-60
5.9 Class TXTL-60
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
//
Specifications
Specifications for safes include some or all of the following parameters:
Burglar-resistance
Fire-resistance
Environmental resistance (e.g., to water or dust)
Type of lock (e.g., combination , key, time lock , electronic locking )
Location (e.g., wall safe, floor safe)
Smart safes as part of an automated cash handling system
It is often possible to open a safe without access to the key or knowledge of the combination; this activity is known as safe-cracking and is a popular theme in heist films .
A diversion safe , or hidden safe, is a safe that is made from an otherwise ordinary object such as a book, a candle, a can, or even a wall outlet plug. Valuables are placed in these hidden safes, which are themselves placed inconspicuously (for example, a book would be placed on a book shelf).
Fire resistant record protection equipment consists of self-contained devices that incorporate insulated bodies, doors, drawers or lids, or non-rated multi-drawer devices housing individually rated containers that contain one or more inner compartments for storage of records. These devices are intended to provide protection to one or more types of records as evidenced by the assigned Class rating or ratings; Class 350 for paper, Class 150 for microfilm, microfiche other and photographic film and Class 125 for magnetic media and hard drives.
Strongbox multiple locking mechanism
These types of enclosures can be rated for periods of ½, 1, 2 and 4 hour durations.
In addition, these enclosures may be rated for their impact resistance, should the safe fall a number of feet to a lower level or have debris fall upon it during a fire.
Burglary resistant safes are rated as to their resistance to the type of tools to be used in their attack and also the duration of the attack.
The attack durations are for periods of 15 min., 30 min. and 60 min.
Safes can also contain hardware that automatically dispenses cash or validates bills as part of an automated cash handling system.
Room-sized fireproof vaults
For larger volumes of heat-sensitive materials, a modular room-sized vault is much more economical than purchasing and storing many fire rated safes. Typically these room-sized vaults are utilized by corporations, government agencies and off-site storage service firms. Fireproof vaults are rated up to Class 125-4 Hour for large data storage applications. These vaults utilize ceramic fiber, a high temperature industrial insulating material, as the core of their modular panel system. All components of the vault, not just the walls and roof panels, must be Class 125 rated to achieve that overall rating for the vault. This includes the door assembly (a double door is needed since there is no single Class 125 vault door available), cable penetrations, coolant line penetrations (for split HVAC systems), and air duct penetrations.
There are also Class 150 applications (such as microfilm) and Class 350 vaults for protecting valuable paper documents. Like the data-rated (Class 125) structures, these vault systems employ ceramic fiber insulation and components rated to meet or exceed the required level of protection.
In recent years room-sized Class 125 vaults have been installed to protect entire data centers. As data storage technologies migrate from tape-based storage methods to hard drives, this trend is likely to continue.
Fire-resistant safes
A fire-resistant safe is a type of safe that is designed to protect its contents from high temperatures or actual fire . Fire resistant safes are usually rated by the amount of time they can withstand the extreme temperatures a fire produces, while not exceeding a set internal temperature, e.g., less than 350 °F (177 °C) over 30 minutes. Models are typically available between half-hour and four-hour durations.
An in-floor safe installed in a concrete floor is very resistant to fire. However, not all floor safes are watertight and will often fill with water from fire hoses, therefore everything stored inside should be placed in either double zip lock bags, dry bags, or sealed plastic containers.
In the USA, both the writing of standards for fire-resistance and the actual testing of safes is performed by Underwriters Laboratories .
Jewelry safes
Jewelry safes are burglary and fire safes made specifically to house jewelry and valuables. These high end safes are typically manufactured with interior jewelry chests of fine woods and fabric liners with a range of organizational configurations.
UL certification for safes
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) testing certifications for safes are known to be the some of the most rigorous and most respected in the world. They are only matched by B.T.U/V.D.M.A. certifications (Germany). J.I.S. (Japan) and CSTB (France) preheat the oven with the safe inside until the temperature reaches the desired setting (as opposed to a sustained temperature of the rating), then the safe is cooled artificially (as opposed to naturally). Also, J.I.S. and CSTB only drop their safes from 13-15 feet (as opposed to 30). Rarely are safes dropped 15 feet or more and they are usually artificially cooled by the fire department. UL also runs an indirect explosion test on all safes. Additionally UL-768 certifies the combination lock against tampering. UL-140 certifies a relocking mechanism that will permanently lock the safe bolts, in case an electronic lock fails or a UL-768 rated lock is compromised.
Class 125
The safe sustains an internal atmosphere of 125 °F (52 °C) and 80% humidity. This class was introduced with the emergence of floppy disks. The safes are tested with only non-paper media, but are clearly sufficient to hold paper. New, more durable computer media, such as data on compact disks crystallize at 350 °F (177 °C), [ 1 ] which make this type of safe overly-sufficient to store these media.
However, Underwriters Laboratories have not tested whether data on Blu-ray disks, DVDs or CDs are altered during testing. They have just tested floppy disks, which are not a common storage medium these days.
An added benefit of this safe is that it is waterproof due to a gasket on the door and the label will state this. These class ratings are used in conjunction with hour ratings such as: ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Class 150
The safe sustains an internal atmosphere less than 150 °F (66 °C) and 85% humidity. This class was introduced with the emergence of computer data tapes or magnetic reel-to-reel tapes. UL tests this with paper and non-paper articles. This safe is also sufficient in storing some optical media, such as compact disks. Cases can be purchased that will meet Class 125, if they are placed inside a Class 150 safe. Some may be waterproof due to a gasket on the door and the label will state this. These class ratings are used in conjunction with hour ratings such as: ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Class 350
The safe sustains an internal atmosphere of less than 350 °F (177 °C) and 85% humidity. This is the most basic of U.L. tests and specifically tests for the storage of paper. The ignition point of paper is 450 °F (232 °C), so this safe is sufficient for storage of paper. Cases can be purchased that will meet Class 125, if they are placed inside a Class 350 safe. These class ratings are used in conjunction with hour ratings such as: ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Class TL-15
This is a combination locked safe that offers limited protection against combinations of common mechanical and electrical tools. The safe will resist abuse for 15 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electric tools, grinding points, carbide drills and devices that apply pressure.
Class TL-30
This is a combination locked safe that offers moderate protection against combinations of mechanical and electrical tools. The safe will resist abuse for 30 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electrical tools, grinding points, carbide drills, devices that apply pressure, cutting wheels and power saws.
Class TL-40
This is a combination locked safe that offers moderate protection against combinations of mechanical and electrical tools. The safe will resist abuse for 40 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electrical tools, grinding points, carbide drills, devices that apply pressure, cutting wheels and power saws.
Class TRTL-30
This is a combination locked safe that offers high protection against combinations of mechanical, electrical, and cutting tools. The safe will resist abuse for 30 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electrical tools, grinding points, carbide drills, devices that apply pressure, cutting wheels, power saws, impact tools and, in addition, can withstand an oxy-fuel welding and cutting torch (tested gas limited to 1000 cubic feet combined total oxygen and fuel gas.)
Class TRTL-60
This class will withstand the same assaults as Class TRTL-30 for 60 minutes.
Class TXTL-60
This class meets all the requirements for Class TRTL-60 and, in addition, can withstand high explosives such as nitroglycerin or equivalent to not more than 4 ounces of nitroglycerin in one charge (entire test must not use more explosive than that equivalent to 8 ounces of nitroglycerin).
See also
Look up safe in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.
Access control
Concealment device , an inconspicuous object used to hide things
Gun safe
Lock , a mechanical fastening device
Manual override , opening a safe without cracking it
Physical security
Safe-cracking , opening a safe without the combination
Safe deposit box , a lightweight safe
Security
Strongroom , a bank vault
safes
Contents
1 Specifications
2 Room-sized fireproof vaults
3 Fire-resistant safes
4 Jewelry safes
5 UL certification for safes
5.1 Class 125
5.2 Class 150
5.3 Class 350
5.4 Class TL-15
5.5 Class TL-30
5.6 Class TL-40
5.7 Class TRTL-30
5.8 Class TRTL-60
5.9 Class TXTL-60
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
//
Specifications
Specifications for safes include some or all of the following parameters:
Burglar-resistance
Fire-resistance
Environmental resistance (e.g., to water or dust)
Type of lock (e.g., combination , key, time lock , electronic locking )
Location (e.g., wall safe, floor safe)
Smart safes as part of an automated cash handling system
It is often possible to open a safe without access to the key or knowledge of the combination; this activity is known as safe-cracking and is a popular theme in heist films .
A diversion safe , or hidden safe, is a safe that is made from an otherwise ordinary object such as a book, a candle, a can, or even a wall outlet plug. Valuables are placed in these hidden safes, which are themselves placed inconspicuously (for example, a book would be placed on a book shelf).
Fire resistant record protection equipment consists of self-contained devices that incorporate insulated bodies, doors, drawers or lids, or non-rated multi-drawer devices housing individually rated containers that contain one or more inner compartments for storage of records. These devices are intended to provide protection to one or more types of records as evidenced by the assigned Class rating or ratings; Class 350 for paper, Class 150 for microfilm, microfiche other and photographic film and Class 125 for magnetic media and hard drives.
Strongbox multiple locking mechanism
These types of enclosures can be rated for periods of ½, 1, 2 and 4 hour durations.
In addition, these enclosures may be rated for their impact resistance, should the safe fall a number of feet to a lower level or have debris fall upon it during a fire.
Burglary resistant safes are rated as to their resistance to the type of tools to be used in their attack and also the duration of the attack.
The attack durations are for periods of 15 min., 30 min. and 60 min.
Safes can also contain hardware that automatically dispenses cash or validates bills as part of an automated cash handling system.
Room-sized fireproof vaults
For larger volumes of heat-sensitive materials, a modular room-sized vault is much more economical than purchasing and storing many fire rated safes. Typically these room-sized vaults are utilized by corporations, government agencies and off-site storage service firms. Fireproof vaults are rated up to Class 125-4 Hour for large data storage applications. These vaults utilize ceramic fiber, a high temperature industrial insulating material, as the core of their modular panel system. All components of the vault, not just the walls and roof panels, must be Class 125 rated to achieve that overall rating for the vault. This includes the door assembly (a double door is needed since there is no single Class 125 vault door available), cable penetrations, coolant line penetrations (for split HVAC systems), and air duct penetrations.
There are also Class 150 applications (such as microfilm) and Class 350 vaults for protecting valuable paper documents. Like the data-rated (Class 125) structures, these vault systems employ ceramic fiber insulation and components rated to meet or exceed the required level of protection.
In recent years room-sized Class 125 vaults have been installed to protect entire data centers. As data storage technologies migrate from tape-based storage methods to hard drives, this trend is likely to continue.
Fire-resistant safes
A fire-resistant safe is a type of safe that is designed to protect its contents from high temperatures or actual fire . Fire resistant safes are usually rated by the amount of time they can withstand the extreme temperatures a fire produces, while not exceeding a set internal temperature, e.g., less than 350 °F (177 °C) over 30 minutes. Models are typically available between half-hour and four-hour durations.
An in-floor safe installed in a concrete floor is very resistant to fire. However, not all floor safes are watertight and will often fill with water from fire hoses, therefore everything stored inside should be placed in either double zip lock bags, dry bags, or sealed plastic containers.
In the USA, both the writing of standards for fire-resistance and the actual testing of safes is performed by Underwriters Laboratories .
Jewelry safes
Jewelry safes are burglary and fire safes made specifically to house jewelry and valuables. These high end safes are typically manufactured with interior jewelry chests of fine woods and fabric liners with a range of organizational configurations.
UL certification for safes
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) testing certifications for safes are known to be the some of the most rigorous and most respected in the world. They are only matched by B.T.U/V.D.M.A. certifications (Germany). J.I.S. (Japan) and CSTB (France) preheat the oven with the safe inside until the temperature reaches the desired setting (as opposed to a sustained temperature of the rating), then the safe is cooled artificially (as opposed to naturally). Also, J.I.S. and CSTB only drop their safes from 13-15 feet (as opposed to 30). Rarely are safes dropped 15 feet or more and they are usually artificially cooled by the fire department. UL also runs an indirect explosion test on all safes. Additionally UL-768 certifies the combination lock against tampering. UL-140 certifies a relocking mechanism that will permanently lock the safe bolts, in case an electronic lock fails or a UL-768 rated lock is compromised.
Class 125
The safe sustains an internal atmosphere of 125 °F (52 °C) and 80% humidity. This class was introduced with the emergence of floppy disks. The safes are tested with only non-paper media, but are clearly sufficient to hold paper. New, more durable computer media, such as data on compact disks crystallize at 350 °F (177 °C), [ 1 ] which make this type of safe overly-sufficient to store these media.
However, Underwriters Laboratories have not tested whether data on Blu-ray disks, DVDs or CDs are altered during testing. They have just tested floppy disks, which are not a common storage medium these days.
An added benefit of this safe is that it is waterproof due to a gasket on the door and the label will state this. These class ratings are used in conjunction with hour ratings such as: ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Class 150
The safe sustains an internal atmosphere less than 150 °F (66 °C) and 85% humidity. This class was introduced with the emergence of computer data tapes or magnetic reel-to-reel tapes. UL tests this with paper and non-paper articles. This safe is also sufficient in storing some optical media, such as compact disks. Cases can be purchased that will meet Class 125, if they are placed inside a Class 150 safe. Some may be waterproof due to a gasket on the door and the label will state this. These class ratings are used in conjunction with hour ratings such as: ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Class 350
The safe sustains an internal atmosphere of less than 350 °F (177 °C) and 85% humidity. This is the most basic of U.L. tests and specifically tests for the storage of paper. The ignition point of paper is 450 °F (232 °C), so this safe is sufficient for storage of paper. Cases can be purchased that will meet Class 125, if they are placed inside a Class 350 safe. These class ratings are used in conjunction with hour ratings such as: ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Class TL-15
This is a combination locked safe that offers limited protection against combinations of common mechanical and electrical tools. The safe will resist abuse for 15 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electric tools, grinding points, carbide drills and devices that apply pressure.
Class TL-30
This is a combination locked safe that offers moderate protection against combinations of mechanical and electrical tools. The safe will resist abuse for 30 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electrical tools, grinding points, carbide drills, devices that apply pressure, cutting wheels and power saws.
Class TL-40
This is a combination locked safe that offers moderate protection against combinations of mechanical and electrical tools. The safe will resist abuse for 40 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electrical tools, grinding points, carbide drills, devices that apply pressure, cutting wheels and power saws.
Class TRTL-30
This is a combination locked safe that offers high protection against combinations of mechanical, electrical, and cutting tools. The safe will resist abuse for 30 minutes from tools such as hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or electrical tools, grinding points, carbide drills, devices that apply pressure, cutting wheels, power saws, impact tools and, in addition, can withstand an oxy-fuel welding and cutting torch (tested gas limited to 1000 cubic feet combined total oxygen and fuel gas.)
Class TRTL-60
This class will withstand the same assaults as Class TRTL-30 for 60 minutes.
Class TXTL-60
This class meets all the requirements for Class TRTL-60 and, in addition, can withstand high explosives such as nitroglycerin or equivalent to not more than 4 ounces of nitroglycerin in one charge (entire test must not use more explosive than that equivalent to 8 ounces of nitroglycerin).
See also
Look up safe in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.
Access control
Concealment device , an inconspicuous object used to hide things
Gun safe
Lock , a mechanical fastening device
Manual override , opening a safe without cracking it
Physical security
Safe-cracking , opening a safe without the combination
Safe deposit box , a lightweight safe
Security
Strongroom , a bank vault
security consultation
A consultant is usually an expert or a professional in a specific field and has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and changing clients. Thus, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired. It is generally accepted good corporate governance to hire consultants as a check to the Principal-Agent problem . [ citation needed ]
'Consultant' is also the term used to denote the most senior medical position in the United Kingdom , Australia and Ireland (e.g., a consultant surgeon ).
Ways in which consultants work
Some consultants are employed by a consult staffing company, a company that provides consultants to clients. This is particular common in the technology sector. Consultants are often called contractors in the technology sector in reference to their employment contract.
Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries. There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.
Consultants work at client places on behalf of a consultancy or Billing company.
Criticism of Consultants and Consultancy
The term consultancy is sometimes used euphemistically to indicate the provision of services which might be termed meaningless or trivial by most individuals, but which reap significant profits and payments on behalf of the consultant. [ citation needed ] Criticism of consultancy often centres around the lack of transparency and understanding in what particular types of services it is that consultants actually provide (an ambiguity which undoubtedly centres upon the lack of understanding of both the work of consultants and also the actual commodity which they are paid for – namely, advice). [ citation needed ]
The perception of a disproportionately high degree of pay for consultants (with respect to the worth of the services provided for that pay) is common and prevalent and a recurring misunderstanding which undermines the ethical basis upon which consultants might otherwise suppose as a valid reason for their employment [ citation needed ] .
See also
Expert
Related concepts
Biotechnology consulting
Contingent workforce
Fourth-party logistics
Human resource consulting
Information technology consulting
Interim Management
IRS Reclassification
Management consulting
Permatemp
Political consulting
Public consultation
Tax advisor
Umbrella company
Types of consultant
Acoustical consultant
Biotechnology consultant
Certified Management consultant
Consultant (medicine)
Consultant pharmacist
Creative consultant
Educational consultant
Elevator consultant
Employment consultant
Foreclosure consultant
Fourth-party logistics providers
Human Resources consultant
Image consultant
Independent contractor
Interim Managers
Information Technology consultant
Lactation consultant
Legal nurse consultant
Loss control consultant
Magic consultant
Media consultant
Political consultant
Process consultant
Statistical consultant
Theatre consultant
Look up consultant or consulting in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.
security consultation
A consultant is usually an expert or a professional in a specific field and has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and changing clients. Thus, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired. It is generally accepted good corporate governance to hire consultants as a check to the Principal-Agent problem . [ citation needed ]
'Consultant' is also the term used to denote the most senior medical position in the United Kingdom , Australia and Ireland (e.g., a consultant surgeon ).
Ways in which consultants work
Some consultants are employed by a consult staffing company, a company that provides consultants to clients. This is particular common in the technology sector. Consultants are often called contractors in the technology sector in reference to their employment contract.
Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries. There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.
Consultants work at client places on behalf of a consultancy or Billing company.
Criticism of Consultants and Consultancy
The term consultancy is sometimes used euphemistically to indicate the provision of services which might be termed meaningless or trivial by most individuals, but which reap significant profits and payments on behalf of the consultant. [ citation needed ] Criticism of consultancy often centres around the lack of transparency and understanding in what particular types of services it is that consultants actually provide (an ambiguity which undoubtedly centres upon the lack of understanding of both the work of consultants and also the actual commodity which they are paid for – namely, advice). [ citation needed ]
The perception of a disproportionately high degree of pay for consultants (with respect to the worth of the services provided for that pay) is common and prevalent and a recurring misunderstanding which undermines the ethical basis upon which consultants might otherwise suppose as a valid reason for their employment [ citation needed ] .
See also
Expert
Related concepts
Biotechnology consulting
Contingent workforce
Fourth-party logistics
Human resource consulting
Information technology consulting
Interim Management
IRS Reclassification
Management consulting
Permatemp
Political consulting
Public consultation
Tax advisor
Umbrella company
Types of consultant
Acoustical consultant
Biotechnology consultant
Certified Management consultant
Consultant (medicine)
Consultant pharmacist
Creative consultant
Educational consultant
Elevator consultant
Employment consultant
Foreclosure consultant
Fourth-party logistics providers
Human Resources consultant
Image consultant
Independent contractor
Interim Managers
Information Technology consultant
Lactation consultant
Legal nurse consultant
Loss control consultant
Magic consultant
Media consultant
Political consultant
Process consultant
Statistical consultant
Theatre consultant
Look up consultant or consulting in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.
sentry
Often, security officers are uniformed and act to protect property by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions, observing (either directly, through patrols, or by watching alarm systems or video cameras ) for signs of crime , fire or disorder; then taking action and reporting any incidents to their client and emergency services as appropriate.
Since at least the Middle Ages in Europe , the term watchman was more commonly applied to this function. This term was carried over to North America where it was interchangeable with night-watchman until both terms were replaced with the modern security-based titles. Security guards are sometimes regarded as fulfilling a private policing function.
Contents
1 Functions and duties
2 Personnel
2.1 Types of security personnel and companies
3 Licensing and regulation
3.1 Australia
3.2 Canada
3.3 Europe
3.4 Hong Kong
3.4.1 Legislation
3.4.2 Qualification
3.4.3 Permit
3.4.4 Power of Arrest
3.5 Israel
3.6 Malaysia
3.7 South Africa
3.8 United States
4 Security officers and the police
5 Trends
5.1 Australia
5.2 USA
5.3 UK
6 History
7 Notable security guards
8 Unionization
8.1 Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America
8.2 United Government Security Officers of America
8.3 Others
8.4 Canada
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
//
Functions and duties
Many security firms and proprietary security departments practice the "detect, deter, observe and report" methodology. Security officers are not required to make arrests, but have the authority to make a citizen's arrest , or otherwise act as an agent of law enforcement at the request of a police officer, sheriff , and others.
In addition to the methodology mentioned above, a private security officer's primary duty is the prevention and deterrence of crime. Security personnel enforce company rules and can act to protect lives and property. In fact, they frequently have a contractual obligation to provide these actions. Security officers are often trained to perform arrest and control procedures (including handcuffing and restraints), operate emergency equipment, perform first aid , CPR , take accurate notes, write detailed reports, and perform other tasks as required by the contractee they are serving.
Many security officers are required to go through additional training mandated by the state for the carrying of weapons such as batons, firearms, and pepper spray (e.g. the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services [1] in California has requirements that a license for each item listed must be carried while on duty). [ 1 ] Some officers are required to complete police certification for special duties.
Positions are also set to grow in the U.S., with 175,000 new security jobs expected before 2016. [ 2 ] In recent years, due to elevated threats of terrorism, most security officers are required to have bomb-threat training and/or emergency crisis training, especially those located in soft target areas such as shopping malls, schools, and any other area where the general public congregate.
One major economic justification for security personnel is that insurance companies (particularly fire insurance carriers) will give substantial rate discounts to sites which have a 24-hour presence; for a high risk or high value venue, the discount can often exceed the money being spent on its security program.
This is because having security on site increases the odds that any fire will be noticed and reported to the local fire department before a total loss occurs. Also, the presence of security personnel (particularly in combination with effective security procedures) tends to diminish " shrinkage ," theft, employee misconduct and safety rule violations, property damage, or even sabotage . Many casinos hire security guards to protect money when transferring it from the casino to the casino's bank.
Security personnel may also perform access control at building entrances and vehicle gates; meaning, they ensure that employees and visitors display proper passes or identification before entering the facility. Security officers are often called upon to respond to minor emergencies (lost persons, lockouts, dead vehicle batteries, etc.) and to assist in serious emergencies by guiding emergency responders to the scene of the incident, helping to redirect foot traffic to safe locations, and by documenting what happened on an incident report.
Armed security officers are frequently contracted to respond as law enforcement until a given situation at a client location is under control and/or public authorities arrive on the scene.
Patrolling is usually a large part of a security officer's duties. Often these patrols are logged by use of a guard tour patrol system , which require regular patrols. The most commonly used form used to be mechanical clock systems that required a key for manual punching of a number to a strip of paper inside with the time pre-printed on it.
Recently, electronic systems have risen in popularity due to their light weight, ease of use, and downloadable logging capabilities. [ 3 ] Regular patrols are, however, becoming less accepted as an industry standard, as it provides predictability for the would-be criminal, as well as monotony for the security officer on duty.
Random patrols are easily programmed into these systems, allowing greater freedom of movement and unpredictability. Global positioning systems are also easing their way into the market as a more effective means of tracking officer movement and patrol behavior.
Personnel
Although security officers differ greatly from police officers, military personnel, federal agents/officers, and the like, Australia and the United States have a growing proportion of security personnel that have former police or military experience, including senior management personnel. On the other hand, some security officers, young people in particular, use the job as practical experience to use in applying to law enforcement agencies.
Types of security personnel and companies
Security personnel are classified as either of the following
"in-house" or "proprietary" (i.e. employed by the same company or organization they protect, such as a mall , theme park , or casino ); formerly often called works police or security police in the United Kingdom
" contract ," working for a private security company which protects many locations.
"Public Security," "Private Police Officers," or security police
"Private Patrol Officers", vehicle patrol officers that protect multiple client premises.
" Parapolice ", aggressive firms that routinely engage in criminal investigation and arrests. [ 4 ]
Industry terms for various security personnel include: security guard, security agent, security officer, safety patrol, private police, company police , security enforcement officer and public safety. Other job titles in the security industry include bouncer, bodyguards , executive protection agent loss prevention , alarm responder , hospital security officer, mall security officer, crime prevention officer, private patrol officer, and private patrol operator.
Cash transport van with a crew of security guards in Guangzhou , China
State and local governments sometimes regulate the use of these terms by law—for example, certain words and phrases that "give an impression that he or she is connected in any way with the federal government, a state government, or any political subdivision of a state government" are forbidden for use by California security licensees by Business and Professions Code Section 7582.26. So the terms "private homicide police" or "special agent" would be unlawful for a security licensee to use in California. Similarly, in Canada , various acts [ 5 ] [2] specifically prohibits private security personnel from using the terms Probation Officer , law enforcement , police , or police officer .
Alberta and Ontario probibit the use of the term 'Security Officer' which is in widespread use in the United States for many decades. Recent changes to the act have also introduced restrictions on uniform and vehicle colours and markings to make private security personnel clearly distinctive from police personnel. Some sources feel that some of these restrictions are put in place to satisfy the Canadian Police Association . [ 6 ]
There is a marked difference between persons performing the duties historically associated with watchmen and persons who take a more active role in protecting persons and property. The former, often called "guards," are taught the mantra "observe and report," are minimally trained, and not expected to deal with the public or confront criminals.
The latter are often highly trained, sometimes armed depending on contracts agreed upon with clientele, and are more likely to interact with the general public and to confront the criminal element. These employees tend to take pride in the title "Security Officer" or " Protection Officer " and disdain the label of "guard."
Ironically enough, there may be no relationship between duties performed and compensation—many mall "security officers" who are exposed to serious risks make less per hour than "industrial security guards" with less training and responsibility. [ 7 ] However, there are now more positions in the security role that separate not just the titles, but the job itself. The roles have progressed and so have the areas for which security people are needed. All security jobs vary in pay and duties at present.
The term "agent" is particularly problematic in the security industry because it can describe not only a civil legal relationship between an employee and their employer or contractor ("agent of the owner" in California PC 602), but also describes a person in government service (" Special Agent Jones of the Federal Bureau of Investigation .") However we should then also consider the fact that this title is also made available to banking agents, loan agents and real estate agents.
Security "agents" found in loss prevention and personal or executive protection (bodyguards) typically work in plainclothes, without a uniform, and are usually highly trained to act lawfully in direct defense of life and/or property. There is also confusion with bail enforcement agents, or as they are popularly known "bounty hunters," who are sometimes regulated by the same agencies which regulate private security.
Security personnel are essentially private citizens, and therefore are bound by the same laws and regulations as the citizenry they are contracted to serve, and therefore are not allowed to represent themselves as law enforcement under penalty of law. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Licensing and regulation
Australia
This section requires expansion .
Any person who conducts a business or is employed in a security related field within Australia is required to be licensed. Each of the six (6) states and two (2) territories of Australia have separate legislation that covers all security activities. Licensing management in each state/territory is varied and is carried out by either Police, Attorney General's Department, Justice Department or the Department of Consumer Affairs.
New South Wales - (Police) Security Industry Act 1997 & Security Industry Regulation 2007; Victoria - (Police) Private Security Act 2004; Queensland - (Justice & Attorney-General) Security Providers Act 1993; South Australia - (Consumer & Business Affairs) Security and Investigation Agents Act 1995; Western Australia - (Police) Security & Related Activities (Control) Act 1996 & Security & Related Activities (Control) Regulations 1997; Tasmania - (Police) Security and Investigation Agents Act 2002; Northern Territory - (Justice) Private Security Act & Private Security (Security Officer/Crowd Controller/Security Firms/Miscellaneous Matters) Regulations; Australian Capital Territory - (Regulatory Services) Security Industry Act 2003 & Security Industry Regulation 2003. All of this legislation was aimed to enhance the intrigity of the private security industry.
All persons licensed to perform security activities are required to undertake a course of professional development in associated streams that are recognised nationally. This has not always been the case and the introduction of this aspect should regulate the educational standards/knowledge base expected so that the particular job can be competently undertaken.
Strict requirements are laid down as to the type of uniform and badging used by security companies. Uniforms or badging that may be confused with a police officer are not permitted similarly, the use of the title 'Security Police' or 'Private Detective' are unacceptable. Whilst the term security guard is used by companies, government bodies and individuals, the term security officer is deemed more suitable. 'Bouncers' are Crowd Controllers and Store Detectives are Loss Prevention or Asset Protection Officers.
Security Officers are not permitted to carry firearms, handcuffs or batons unless they have a legitimate requirement to do so and then only when working and have the appropriate sub-class accreditation to their license.
Canada
In Canada , private security falls under the jurisdiction of Canada's ten provinces and three territories. All ten of Canada's provinces and one of its territories (the Yukon) have legislation that regulates the contract security industry. [ 10 ] These eleven jurisdictions require that companies that provide security guard services and their employees be licensed.
Most provinces in Canada regulate the use of handcuffs and weapons (such as firearms and batons) by contract security companies and their employees, either banning such use completely or permitting it only under certain circumstances.
Canada's federal laws also restrict the ability of security guards to be armed. For example, section 17 of Firearms Act makes it an offence for any person, including a security guard, to possess prohibited or restricted firearms (i.e. handguns) anywhere outside of his or her home.
There are two exceptions to this prohibition found in sections 18 and 19 of the Act. Section 18 deals with transportation of firearms while Section 19 deals with allowing persons to carry such firearms on their persons to protect their lives or the lives of other persons, or for the performance of their occupation (Armour Car Guards, Licensed Trappers), provided an Authorization to Carry (ATC) is first obtained.
Main article: Gun politics in Canada#Laws and regulation
British Columbia
Private security in the province of British Columbia is governed by two pieces of legislation: the Security Services Act [ 11 ] and the Security Services Regulation . [ 12 ] These laws are administered and enforced by the Security Programs and Police Technology Division [ 13 ] of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General.
The legislation requires that guards must be at least 19 years old, undergo a criminal background check, and successfully complete a training course. [ 14 ] As far as weapons, British Columbia law severely restricts their use by security guards. Section 11(1)(c) of the Security Services Regulation prohibits security personnel from carrying or using any "item designed for debilitating or controlling a person or animal", which the government interprets to include all weapons. As well, section 11 forbids private security from using or carrying restraints, such as handcuffs, unless authorized by the government. However, as in other parts of Canada, armoured car guards are permitted to carry firearms.
In the past, only personnel that worked for contract security, that is, security companies, were regulated in British Columbia. However, as of September 1, 2009, in-house security guards and private investigators came under the jurisdiction of the Security Services Act and Security Services Regulation . The same occurred to bodyguards and bouncers, effective November 1, 2009. [ 15 ]
Europe
Armed private security are much rarer in Europe , and nonexistent in many of them, such as the United Kingdom , The Netherlands and Switzerland . In developing countries (with host country permission), an armed security force composed mostly of ex-military personnel is often used to protect corporate assets, particularly in war-torn regions.
As a requirement of the Private Security Industry Act 2001, the UK now requires all contract security guards to have a valid Security Industry Authority license. [ 16 ] The licence must be displayed when on duty, although a dispensation may be granted for store detectives, bodyguards and others who need to operate without being identified as a security guard. This dispensation is not available to Vehicle Immobilisers. Licenses are valid for three years and require the holders to undergo formal training, and are also to pass mandatory Criminal Records Bureau checks. Licences for Vehicle Immobilisers are valid for one year. Armed guarding and guarding with a weapon are illegal.
In Finland , all contract security guards are required to have a valid license granted by police . Temporary license is valid for four months and normal license for five years. License requires a minimum 40-hour course for temporary license and 60 hours more for a normal license. Additionally a narrow security vetting is required. The 40-hour course allows the carrying of a fixed-length baton and handcuffs, separate training and license is required for the security guard to carry pepper spray , extendable baton or a firearm. Rehearse of weapons usage is mandatory every year and is regulated by the Ministry of The Interior, to ensure the safe handling of pepper spray and such. In Finland, a security guard has the right to detain a person "red-handed", or seen committing a crime and the right to search the detained individual for harmful items and weapons. An individual who has been forcefully detained can only be released by the police. All companies providing security guarding services are also required to have a valid license from Ministry of the Interior . [ 17 ]
In The Netherlands security guards Beveiligingsbeambte must undergo a criminal backgroundcheck by the local police department in the area where the private security company is located. To become a securtiy guard in The Netherlands a person must complete the basic training level 2 Beveiliger2 , to complete the training a trainee must undergo a three month intership with a private security company that is licensed by the svpb , this is the board that controls security exams. A trainee guard must pass for his diploma within one year, if the trainee does not pass he is not allowed to work anymore until the trainee completes his training with a positive result, after a positive result a new ID can be issued and is valid for three years, after that the guard must undergo a backgroundcheck by the local police again. Security guards in The Netherlands are not allowed to carry any kind of weapon or handcuffs. Every uniformed security guard in The Netherlands must have the V symbol on its uniform to ensure the public they are dealing with a private guard, this rule is mandatory by the Ministry of justice. Security uniforms may not look like similar to police uniforms, and may not contain any kind of rank designation, and the collor yellow or gold are not allowed to used because the Dutch police uses gold accents in their uniforms, also wearing a uniformcap is not longer allowed. Every new uniform design or addition must be approved by the ministry of justice before use. A patrol vehicle may not look like a police striped vehicle. The only private security guards that are allowed to carry firearms are those who work for the military or Dutch National bank ( De Nederlandsche Bank ) this is were the national gold reserve can be found.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the term Security Officer refers to a senior staff member who supervises a team of security personnel. The staff who work under security officers' supervision are called Security Guards .
Legislation
Before 1 October 1996, private security personnel were regulated by the Watchmen Ordinance (Chapter 299). However, there were many problems with that system of regulation—for example, there were no restrictions as to whom may establish private security service companies to provide security services to a client. Also, there was no regulation of people whom may perform installation of security systems.
Some employers hired "caretakers" instead of security guards to avoid their responsibilities under the ordinance (in formal definition, "caretakers" are supposed to provide facilities management service, although security service, which provided to residential properties, takes some parts of facilities management service). As a result, the Hong Kong Government enacted a wholly new law, the Security and Guarding Services Ordinance (Chapter 460), to replace the Watchmen Ordinance .
According to the Security and Guarding Services Ordinance : No individual shall do, agree to do, or hold himself/herself out as doing, or as available to do, security work for another person unless he/she does so-
under and in accordance with a permit; or
otherwise than for reward. [ 18 ]
security work means any of the following activities-
guarding any property;
guarding any person or place for the purpose of preventing or detecting the occurrence of any offence; (Replaced 25 of 2000 s. 2)
installing, maintaining or repairing a security device;
designing for any particular premises or place a system incorporating a security device.
security device means a device designed or adapted to be installed in any premises or place, except on or in a vehicle, for the purpose of detecting or recording- (Amended 25 of 2000 s. 2)
the occurrence of any offence; or
the presence of an intruder or of an object that persons are, for reasons of security, not permitted to bring onto the premises or place or any other premises or place. [ 19 ]
Qualification
Any applicant who wishes to apply for a Security Personnel Permit (SPP) must:
He/she have been living in Hong Kong for at least 5 years. (This requirement may have been changed)
No criminal record.
At least 18 years old when submitting his/her application.
Have passed a mandatory 16 hour training course and have been granted a certificate of the course.
If the applicant is over 65 years old, he/she must submit his/her health examination report.
Although the Security and Guarding Services Industry Authority ( SGSIA ) is the agency in charge of the security service industry, all applicants must submit their application and pay the fee by mail or in person to Hong Kong Police Force (License Section).
Permit
Security Personnel Permit was separated to four types: A, B, C, and D.
Type A permit holder was permitted to work in a "single-block" residential building; they are not allowed to carry firearms. No age limit.
Type B permit holder was permitted to work in any type of properties, but they also are not allowed carry firearms. The maximum age limit of this permit is 65.
Type C permit holder was permitted to work as an armed guard. (Usually, they are members of the cash transport car crew.) The maximum age limit of this permit is 55.
Type D permit holder was permitted to design, install, and repair security devices. No maximum age limit.
The permit is valid for five years. All holders must renew their permit before it expires, or they will lose their qualification to work, as such, until their permit is renewed.
The type A and Type B security service are gradually combined with property management service, though the boundary between these two industries is unclear.
Power of Arrest
Security Guards in Hong Kong do not have special powers of arrest above that of the ordinary citizen, i.e. citizen's arrest , also known locally as the "101 arrest power." The Section 101 in the Criminal Procedure Ordinance addresses that arrest of an offender by a private citizen is allowed in certain circumstances if the offender is attempting an arrestable offense. Once arrested, the suspect must be delivered to a police office as soon as possible.
An arrestable offence is defined as any crime carrying a sentence of more than 12 months imprisonment. No security personnel are allowed to search other person, nor are they allowed to get personal information from other people, with the exception of some specific circumstances.
A group of security guards in Hong Kong lined up (fall-in) before on duty.
Israel
In Israel , almost all security guards carry a firearm, primarily to prevent terror attacks. Security guards are common: they perform entrance checks at shopping malls, transportation terminals, government and other office buildings, and many stores. Many locations with a high number of visitors, such as the Jerusalem Bus Station , employ X-ray machines to check passenger's bags; in other places, they are opened and visually inspected. As of 2009, private security guards have also replaced official security forces at some checkpoints inside and on the border of the West Bank , as well as the crossings to Gaza .
Malaysia
In August 2007, Malaysia banned hiring of foreign security guards following a rape and murder of a student by a Pakistani security guard. [ 20 ]
Security guard companies need to apply to the Ministry of Internal Security.
South Africa
Main article: Private security industry in South Africa
Security guards along with the rest of the private security industry are regulated under Act 56 of 2001, Private Security Industry Regulation Act. [ 21 ]
United States
Most states require a license to work as a security officer. [ 22 ] This license may include a criminal background check and/or mandated training requirements.
Most security officers do not carry weapons and have the same powers of arrest as a private citizen , called a "private person" arrest, "any person" arrest, or " citizen's arrest ." If weapons are carried, additional permits and training are usually required. Armed security personnel are generally used to protect sensitive sites such as government and military installations, armored money transports, casinos, banks (or other financial institutions), nuclear power plants, etc. However, armed security is quickly becoming a standard for vehicle patrol officers and on many other non-government sites.
Security guard/officer continue to gain broader responsibilities. A growing trend is the increased use of private security to support services previously provided by police departments. James F. Pastor addresses substantive legal and public policy issues which directly or indirectly relate to the provision of security services. These can be demonstrated by the logic of alternative or supplemental service providers. The use of private police has particular appeal because property or business owners can directly contract for public safety services, thereby providing welcome relief for municipal budgets. Finally, private police functions can be flexible, depending upon the financial, organizational, political, and situational circumstances of the client. [ 23 ]
Arizona Licensed security companies are required to provide eight hours of pre-assignment training to all persons employed as security guards before the employee acts in the capacity of a security guard. [ 24 ] There is a state-mandated curriculum that must be taught, and subjects covered must include criminal law and laws of arrest, uniforms and grooming, communications, use of force, general security procedures, crime scene preservation, ethics and first response. [ 25 ]
California
An ADT Bel-Air Patrol vehicle
Security Guards are required to obtain a license from the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services (BSIS), of the California Department of Consumer Affairs. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, undergo a criminal history background check through the California Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and complete a 40-hour course of required training. This required training is broken down into smaller training sections and time-lines. The first is 8-hours of BSIS-designed instruction on powers to arrest and weapons of mass destruction. Then, within 30 days of getting the individual officers license, they must receive 16-hours of training on various mandatory and elective courses. Finally, within 6-months of getting their license, they must receive an additional 16-hours of training on various mandatory and elective courses.
California security officers are also required to complete 8-hours of annual training on security-related topics, after the first, above mentioned 40-hours are complete.
The training and exam may be administered by any private patrol operator or by a certified training facility. This training can be in either classroom, [ 26 ] or audio format [ 27 ]
New Jersey As of 2006 all security personnel must undergo a state mandated certified training program. This law commonly referred to SORA is the state's effort to increase the quality of security personnel.
Oklahoma Security officers in Oklahoma are licensed by CLEET (Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training). To be licensed as an unarmed officer an individual must be at least 18 years of age and undergo 40 hours of classroom training and pass criminal history checks. Armed guards must be 21 years of age, have another 40 hours of classroom training, qualify with their firearm and pass a psychological evaluation.
Pennsylvania No licensing requirements to be an unarmed security guard. However, armed security guards must undergo and successfully complete a 40 hour training course (including shooting range time) in order to be certified to carry weapons and on watch while on duty under the Lethal Weapons Training Act (commonly referred to as Act 235 certification). Certification involves qualifying on a pistol range, with firing of 50 rounds of .38 cal. ammo. You are also required to qualify on a shotgun. The certification is good for five years at which time an eight hour refresher course must be taken or the certification is revoked. [ 28 ]
South Carolina All Security Officers have the same authority and power to make an arrest as Sheriff's Deputies, while on the property they are payed to protect. [ 29 ] Most companies prohibit this authority by policy due to lack of confidence and liability fears. Private Officers may respond to calls for service, make arrests and use blue lights [ 30 ] and traffic radar. They may also be specially authorized by the State Law Enforcment Division (SLED), to issue Uniform Traffic Tickets to violators. [ 31 ] Security Officers are licensed or registered (as appropriate) by SLED for one year at a time. Training for unarmed officers is 8 hours, an additional 8 hours is required for a security weapons permit or a concealed security weapons permit. Additional hours are required to be documented for officers issuing public or private tickets as well as officers that will be using batons, pepper spray or tasers.
Virginia Security officers in Virginia are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). [ 32 ] To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an inservice with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security officer one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training in conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an inservice and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest [ 33 ] for any offense committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hired to protect. They may also be granted the authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court [ 34 ] for felonies and misdemeanors. For more information on DCJS codes and regs click here.
St Louis, Missouri Security officers are required to be licensed by the St Louis County Police or St Louis City Police. St Louis County Security Officer training is a two day class and yearly renewal class. Armed officers must shoot bi-annually to keep their "armed" status. County license is called a Metropolitan License meaning to is good for St Louis City and County. More Info for St Louis County License is available though the County website posted here: [ 35 ] St Louis City Web site has all the info regarding licensing requirements due to fact they are the same in city and county.The City web site is posted here. [ 36 ] Readers should note that this only applys to persons working in security in St Louis City or St Louis County
Security officers and the police
Security personnel are not police officers, unless they are security police , but are often identified as such due to similar uniforms and behaviors [ citation needed ] , especially on private property. Security personnel in the U.S. derive their powers from state laws, that allow them a contractual arrangement with clients that give them Agent of the Owner powers. [ citation needed ]
This includes a nearly unlimited power to question with the absence of probable cause requirements that frequently dog public law enforcement officers [ citation needed ] , provided that the security officer does not tread on the rights and liberties of others as guaranteed by the United States Constitution. [ citation needed ]
Some jurisdictions do commission or deputize security officers and give them limited additional powers, particularly when employed in protecting public property such as mass transit stations [ citation needed ] . This is a special case that is often unique to a particular jurisdiction or locale. Additionally, security officers may also be called upon to act as an agent of law enforcement if a police officer, sheriff's deputy, etc. is in immediate need of help and has no available backup. [ citation needed ]
Some security officers do reserve police powers [ citation needed ] and are typically employed directly by governmental agencies. Typically, these are sworn law enforcement personnel [ citation needed ] whose duties primarily involve the security of a government installation, and are also a special case.
Other local and state governments occasionally enter into special contracts with security agencies to provide patrol services in public areas. [ citation needed ] These personnel are sometimes referred to as "private police officers." [ citation needed ]
Sometimes police officers work as security personnel while not on duty [ citation needed ] . This is usually done for extra income, and work is particularly done in hazardous jobs such as bodyguard work and bouncers outside nightclubs. [ citation needed ]
Police are called in when a situation warrants a higher degree of authority [ citation needed ] to act upon reported observations that security does not have the authority to act upon, however, some states allow Licensed Security Officer the full arrest powers equal to that of a Sheriff Deputy. [ citation needed ]
In 1976, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 's National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals reported:
'One massive resource, filled with significant numbers of personnel, armed with a wide array of technology, and directed by professionals who have spent their entire adult lifetimes learning how to prevent and reduce crime, has not been tapped by governments in the fight against criminality. The private security industry, with over one million workers, sophisticated alarm systems and perimeter safeguards, armored trucks, sophisticated mini-computers, and thousands of highly skilled crime prevention experts, offers a potential for coping with crime that can not be equalled by any other remedy or approach...Underutilized by police, all but ignored by prosecutors and the judiciary, and unknown to corrections officials, the private security professional may be the only person in this society who has the knowledge to effectively prevent crime.' [ 37 ]
In New York, the Area Police/Private Security Liaison program was organized in 1986 by the NYPD commissioner and four former police chiefs working in the private security industry to promote mutual respect, cross-training, and sharing of crime-related information between public police and private security.
Trends
Australia
Private Security personnel outnumber police. From the Australian Bureau of Statistics Report in 2006 there were 52,768 full-time security officers in the security industry compared to 44,898 police officers.
USA
Economist Robert B. Reich , in his 1991 book The Work of Nations , stated that in the United States, the number of private security guards and officers was comparable to the number of publicly paid police officers. He used this phenomenon as an example of the general withdrawal of the affluent from existing communities where governments provide public services.
Instead, the wealthy pay to provide their own premium services, through voluntary, exclusive associations. As taxpayer resistance has limited government budgets, and as the demand for secure homes in gated communities has grown, these trends have continued in the 1990s and 2000s.
In the aftermath of 9/11 , the trend in the US is one of a quiet transformation of the role of security guards into first responders in case of a terrorist attack or major disaster. This has resulted in longer guard instruction hours, extra training in Terrorism tactics and increased laws governing private security companies in some states. [ 38 ]
UK
The trend in the UK at the time of writing (March 2008) is one of polarisation. The market in Manned Guarding (the security industry term for the security guards most people are familiar with) is diverging toward two opposite extremes; one typified by a highly trained and well paid security officer; the other with security officers on or about minimum wage with only the minimum training required by law.
Within the “in-house” sector, where security personnel are not subject to licensing under the Private Security Industry Act 2001 , the same divergence can be seen; with some companies opting for in-house security to maintain control of their standards, whilst others use it as a route to cheaper, non-regulated, security.
History
The vigiles were soldiers assigned to guard the city of Rome , often credited as the origin of both security personnel and police, although their principal duty was as a fire brigade . There have been night watchmen since at least the Middle Ages in Europe; walled cities of ancient times also had watchmen. A special chair appeared in Europe sometime in the late Middle Ages, called the watchman's chair ; this unupholstered wooden chair had a forward slanting seat to prevent the watchman from dozing off during his watch.
Notable security guards
The security guard Frank Wills detected the Watergate burglars, ultimately leading to the resignation of Richard M. Nixon as President of the United States .
In 1980, musician John Lennon was fatally shot in front of his own apartment house, The Dakota , by a former security guard, Mark David Chapman .
Christoph Meili , night guard at a Swiss bank, became a whistle blower in 1997 . He told about the bank destroying records related to funds of Holocaust victims, whose money the bank was supposed to return to their heirs.
In 1999, Pierlucio Tinazzi rescued 10 victims from the Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire , before dying while trying to rescue an 11th.
In 2001, Gary Coleman , former child actor, was employed as a shopping mall security guard in the Los Angeles area. Whilst shopping for a bullet-proof vest for his job, Coleman assaulted a female autograph collector. Coleman said he felt "threatened by her insistence" and punched her in the head. [ 39 ] He was later charged for the assault and ordered to pay her $1,665 for hospital bills.
Derrick Brun, an unarmed security guard employed by the Red Lake School District in Minnesota, was praised by President Bush for his heroic role in protecting children during the 2005 Red Lake High School Massacre : "Derrick's bravery cost him his life, and all Americans honor him". [ 40 ] [ 41 ]
In 2007 Matthew Murray opened fire first at the Youth With A Mission retreat center in Arvada Colorado, killing two and wounding two more. A few hours later he opened fire in the New Life Church parking lot, killing two and wounding three. When he proceeded inside the building, he was met by armed security guard Jeanne Assam, who ordered him to drop his weapon and opened fire when he failed to comply. The pastor of New Life Church credited Assam with saving over 100 lives. [ citation needed ]
Unionization
In June, 1947, the United States Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act placing many restrictions on labor unions . Section 9 (B) (3) of the act prevents the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) from certifying for collective bargaining any unit which mixes security employees with non-security employees. This restricts the ability of security employees to join any union that also represents other types of employees.
They may be part of an independent, "security-only" union, not affiliated with any coalition of other types of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). A union which also represents non-security employees may also represent and bargain on behalf of security employees with the employer's consent.
Two of the largest security unions are the Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America (SPFPA) and the United Government Security Officers of America (UGSOA).
Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America
In 1948 with the Taft-Hartley restrictions well into effect, the Detroit, Michigan area security guards of United Auto Workers (UAW) Amalgamated Local 114 were forced to break away and start a separate "Plant Guards Organizing Committee". The NLRB ruled that as an affiliate of the CIO, the committee was indirectly affiliated with production unions and therefore ineligible for certification under the new restrictions.
The committee was then forced to completely withdraw from the CIO and start the independent United Plant Guard Workers of America. By the 1990s, this union had evolved to include many other types of security officers and changed its name to the SPFPA.
United Government Security Officers of America
In 1992, the USGOA was formed. It specializes in organizing federal, state, and local government security officers, but since May, 2000 has been open to representing other types of security personnel as well.
Others
The Service Employees International Union (SEIU) has also sought to represent security employees, although its efforts have been complicated by the Taft-Harley Act because the SEIU also represents janitors, trash collectors, and other building service employees.
Canada
Many security guards in Canada are unionized. The primary unions which represent security guards in Canada are the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), Local 333, and the Canadian branch of the United Steelworkers (USW). In contrast to the legal restrictions in the United States, Canadian labor relations boards will certify bargaining units of security guards for a Canadian Labour Congress (CLC)-affiliated union or in the same union with other classifications of employees.
See also
Airport security
Access control
Armored car (valuables)
Bodyguard
Bounty hunter
Certified Protection Officer
Commissionaire
Hotel Detective
Loss prevention
Physical Security
Private military company
Private security company
Private investigator
Security
SORA Training
Security police
Store detective
Traffic Guard
Transportation security officer
List of Private Security Companies
sentry
Often, security officers are uniformed and act to protect property by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions, observing (either directly, through patrols, or by watching alarm systems or video cameras ) for signs of crime , fire or disorder; then taking action and reporting any incidents to their client and emergency services as appropriate.
Since at least the Middle Ages in Europe , the term watchman was more commonly applied to this function. This term was carried over to North America where it was interchangeable with night-watchman until both terms were replaced with the modern security-based titles. Security guards are sometimes regarded as fulfilling a private policing function.
Contents
1 Functions and duties
2 Personnel
2.1 Types of security personnel and companies
3 Licensing and regulation
3.1 Australia
3.2 Canada
3.3 Europe
3.4 Hong Kong
3.4.1 Legislation
3.4.2 Qualification
3.4.3 Permit
3.4.4 Power of Arrest
3.5 Israel
3.6 Malaysia
3.7 South Africa
3.8 United States
4 Security officers and the police
5 Trends
5.1 Australia
5.2 USA
5.3 UK
6 History
7 Notable security guards
8 Unionization
8.1 Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America
8.2 United Government Security Officers of America
8.3 Others
8.4 Canada
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
//
Functions and duties
Many security firms and proprietary security departments practice the "detect, deter, observe and report" methodology. Security officers are not required to make arrests, but have the authority to make a citizen's arrest , or otherwise act as an agent of law enforcement at the request of a police officer, sheriff , and others.
In addition to the methodology mentioned above, a private security officer's primary duty is the prevention and deterrence of crime. Security personnel enforce company rules and can act to protect lives and property. In fact, they frequently have a contractual obligation to provide these actions. Security officers are often trained to perform arrest and control procedures (including handcuffing and restraints), operate emergency equipment, perform first aid , CPR , take accurate notes, write detailed reports, and perform other tasks as required by the contractee they are serving.
Many security officers are required to go through additional training mandated by the state for the carrying of weapons such as batons, firearms, and pepper spray (e.g. the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services [1] in California has requirements that a license for each item listed must be carried while on duty). [ 1 ] Some officers are required to complete police certification for special duties.
Positions are also set to grow in the U.S., with 175,000 new security jobs expected before 2016. [ 2 ] In recent years, due to elevated threats of terrorism, most security officers are required to have bomb-threat training and/or emergency crisis training, especially those located in soft target areas such as shopping malls, schools, and any other area where the general public congregate.
One major economic justification for security personnel is that insurance companies (particularly fire insurance carriers) will give substantial rate discounts to sites which have a 24-hour presence; for a high risk or high value venue, the discount can often exceed the money being spent on its security program.
This is because having security on site increases the odds that any fire will be noticed and reported to the local fire department before a total loss occurs. Also, the presence of security personnel (particularly in combination with effective security procedures) tends to diminish " shrinkage ," theft, employee misconduct and safety rule violations, property damage, or even sabotage . Many casinos hire security guards to protect money when transferring it from the casino to the casino's bank.
Security personnel may also perform access control at building entrances and vehicle gates; meaning, they ensure that employees and visitors display proper passes or identification before entering the facility. Security officers are often called upon to respond to minor emergencies (lost persons, lockouts, dead vehicle batteries, etc.) and to assist in serious emergencies by guiding emergency responders to the scene of the incident, helping to redirect foot traffic to safe locations, and by documenting what happened on an incident report.
Armed security officers are frequently contracted to respond as law enforcement until a given situation at a client location is under control and/or public authorities arrive on the scene.
Patrolling is usually a large part of a security officer's duties. Often these patrols are logged by use of a guard tour patrol system , which require regular patrols. The most commonly used form used to be mechanical clock systems that required a key for manual punching of a number to a strip of paper inside with the time pre-printed on it.
Recently, electronic systems have risen in popularity due to their light weight, ease of use, and downloadable logging capabilities. [ 3 ] Regular patrols are, however, becoming less accepted as an industry standard, as it provides predictability for the would-be criminal, as well as monotony for the security officer on duty.
Random patrols are easily programmed into these systems, allowing greater freedom of movement and unpredictability. Global positioning systems are also easing their way into the market as a more effective means of tracking officer movement and patrol behavior.
Personnel
Although security officers differ greatly from police officers, military personnel, federal agents/officers, and the like, Australia and the United States have a growing proportion of security personnel that have former police or military experience, including senior management personnel. On the other hand, some security officers, young people in particular, use the job as practical experience to use in applying to law enforcement agencies.
Types of security personnel and companies
Security personnel are classified as either of the following
"in-house" or "proprietary" (i.e. employed by the same company or organization they protect, such as a mall , theme park , or casino ); formerly often called works police or security police in the United Kingdom
" contract ," working for a private security company which protects many locations.
"Public Security," "Private Police Officers," or security police
"Private Patrol Officers", vehicle patrol officers that protect multiple client premises.
" Parapolice ", aggressive firms that routinely engage in criminal investigation and arrests. [ 4 ]
Industry terms for various security personnel include: security guard, security agent, security officer, safety patrol, private police, company police , security enforcement officer and public safety. Other job titles in the security industry include bouncer, bodyguards , executive protection agent loss prevention , alarm responder , hospital security officer, mall security officer, crime prevention officer, private patrol officer, and private patrol operator.
Cash transport van with a crew of security guards in Guangzhou , China
State and local governments sometimes regulate the use of these terms by law—for example, certain words and phrases that "give an impression that he or she is connected in any way with the federal government, a state government, or any political subdivision of a state government" are forbidden for use by California security licensees by Business and Professions Code Section 7582.26. So the terms "private homicide police" or "special agent" would be unlawful for a security licensee to use in California. Similarly, in Canada , various acts [ 5 ] [2] specifically prohibits private security personnel from using the terms Probation Officer , law enforcement , police , or police officer .
Alberta and Ontario probibit the use of the term 'Security Officer' which is in widespread use in the United States for many decades. Recent changes to the act have also introduced restrictions on uniform and vehicle colours and markings to make private security personnel clearly distinctive from police personnel. Some sources feel that some of these restrictions are put in place to satisfy the Canadian Police Association . [ 6 ]
There is a marked difference between persons performing the duties historically associated with watchmen and persons who take a more active role in protecting persons and property. The former, often called "guards," are taught the mantra "observe and report," are minimally trained, and not expected to deal with the public or confront criminals.
The latter are often highly trained, sometimes armed depending on contracts agreed upon with clientele, and are more likely to interact with the general public and to confront the criminal element. These employees tend to take pride in the title "Security Officer" or " Protection Officer " and disdain the label of "guard."
Ironically enough, there may be no relationship between duties performed and compensation—many mall "security officers" who are exposed to serious risks make less per hour than "industrial security guards" with less training and responsibility. [ 7 ] However, there are now more positions in the security role that separate not just the titles, but the job itself. The roles have progressed and so have the areas for which security people are needed. All security jobs vary in pay and duties at present.
The term "agent" is particularly problematic in the security industry because it can describe not only a civil legal relationship between an employee and their employer or contractor ("agent of the owner" in California PC 602), but also describes a person in government service (" Special Agent Jones of the Federal Bureau of Investigation .") However we should then also consider the fact that this title is also made available to banking agents, loan agents and real estate agents.
Security "agents" found in loss prevention and personal or executive protection (bodyguards) typically work in plainclothes, without a uniform, and are usually highly trained to act lawfully in direct defense of life and/or property. There is also confusion with bail enforcement agents, or as they are popularly known "bounty hunters," who are sometimes regulated by the same agencies which regulate private security.
Security personnel are essentially private citizens, and therefore are bound by the same laws and regulations as the citizenry they are contracted to serve, and therefore are not allowed to represent themselves as law enforcement under penalty of law. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Licensing and regulation
Australia
This section requires expansion .
Any person who conducts a business or is employed in a security related field within Australia is required to be licensed. Each of the six (6) states and two (2) territories of Australia have separate legislation that covers all security activities. Licensing management in each state/territory is varied and is carried out by either Police, Attorney General's Department, Justice Department or the Department of Consumer Affairs.
New South Wales - (Police) Security Industry Act 1997 & Security Industry Regulation 2007; Victoria - (Police) Private Security Act 2004; Queensland - (Justice & Attorney-General) Security Providers Act 1993; South Australia - (Consumer & Business Affairs) Security and Investigation Agents Act 1995; Western Australia - (Police) Security & Related Activities (Control) Act 1996 & Security & Related Activities (Control) Regulations 1997; Tasmania - (Police) Security and Investigation Agents Act 2002; Northern Territory - (Justice) Private Security Act & Private Security (Security Officer/Crowd Controller/Security Firms/Miscellaneous Matters) Regulations; Australian Capital Territory - (Regulatory Services) Security Industry Act 2003 & Security Industry Regulation 2003. All of this legislation was aimed to enhance the intrigity of the private security industry.
All persons licensed to perform security activities are required to undertake a course of professional development in associated streams that are recognised nationally. This has not always been the case and the introduction of this aspect should regulate the educational standards/knowledge base expected so that the particular job can be competently undertaken.
Strict requirements are laid down as to the type of uniform and badging used by security companies. Uniforms or badging that may be confused with a police officer are not permitted similarly, the use of the title 'Security Police' or 'Private Detective' are unacceptable. Whilst the term security guard is used by companies, government bodies and individuals, the term security officer is deemed more suitable. 'Bouncers' are Crowd Controllers and Store Detectives are Loss Prevention or Asset Protection Officers.
Security Officers are not permitted to carry firearms, handcuffs or batons unless they have a legitimate requirement to do so and then only when working and have the appropriate sub-class accreditation to their license.
Canada
In Canada , private security falls under the jurisdiction of Canada's ten provinces and three territories. All ten of Canada's provinces and one of its territories (the Yukon) have legislation that regulates the contract security industry. [ 10 ] These eleven jurisdictions require that companies that provide security guard services and their employees be licensed.
Most provinces in Canada regulate the use of handcuffs and weapons (such as firearms and batons) by contract security companies and their employees, either banning such use completely or permitting it only under certain circumstances.
Canada's federal laws also restrict the ability of security guards to be armed. For example, section 17 of Firearms Act makes it an offence for any person, including a security guard, to possess prohibited or restricted firearms (i.e. handguns) anywhere outside of his or her home.
There are two exceptions to this prohibition found in sections 18 and 19 of the Act. Section 18 deals with transportation of firearms while Section 19 deals with allowing persons to carry such firearms on their persons to protect their lives or the lives of other persons, or for the performance of their occupation (Armour Car Guards, Licensed Trappers), provided an Authorization to Carry (ATC) is first obtained.
Main article: Gun politics in Canada#Laws and regulation
British Columbia
Private security in the province of British Columbia is governed by two pieces of legislation: the Security Services Act [ 11 ] and the Security Services Regulation . [ 12 ] These laws are administered and enforced by the Security Programs and Police Technology Division [ 13 ] of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General.
The legislation requires that guards must be at least 19 years old, undergo a criminal background check, and successfully complete a training course. [ 14 ] As far as weapons, British Columbia law severely restricts their use by security guards. Section 11(1)(c) of the Security Services Regulation prohibits security personnel from carrying or using any "item designed for debilitating or controlling a person or animal", which the government interprets to include all weapons. As well, section 11 forbids private security from using or carrying restraints, such as handcuffs, unless authorized by the government. However, as in other parts of Canada, armoured car guards are permitted to carry firearms.
In the past, only personnel that worked for contract security, that is, security companies, were regulated in British Columbia. However, as of September 1, 2009, in-house security guards and private investigators came under the jurisdiction of the Security Services Act and Security Services Regulation . The same occurred to bodyguards and bouncers, effective November 1, 2009. [ 15 ]
Europe
Armed private security are much rarer in Europe , and nonexistent in many of them, such as the United Kingdom , The Netherlands and Switzerland . In developing countries (with host country permission), an armed security force composed mostly of ex-military personnel is often used to protect corporate assets, particularly in war-torn regions.
As a requirement of the Private Security Industry Act 2001, the UK now requires all contract security guards to have a valid Security Industry Authority license. [ 16 ] The licence must be displayed when on duty, although a dispensation may be granted for store detectives, bodyguards and others who need to operate without being identified as a security guard. This dispensation is not available to Vehicle Immobilisers. Licenses are valid for three years and require the holders to undergo formal training, and are also to pass mandatory Criminal Records Bureau checks. Licences for Vehicle Immobilisers are valid for one year. Armed guarding and guarding with a weapon are illegal.
In Finland , all contract security guards are required to have a valid license granted by police . Temporary license is valid for four months and normal license for five years. License requires a minimum 40-hour course for temporary license and 60 hours more for a normal license. Additionally a narrow security vetting is required. The 40-hour course allows the carrying of a fixed-length baton and handcuffs, separate training and license is required for the security guard to carry pepper spray , extendable baton or a firearm. Rehearse of weapons usage is mandatory every year and is regulated by the Ministry of The Interior, to ensure the safe handling of pepper spray and such. In Finland, a security guard has the right to detain a person "red-handed", or seen committing a crime and the right to search the detained individual for harmful items and weapons. An individual who has been forcefully detained can only be released by the police. All companies providing security guarding services are also required to have a valid license from Ministry of the Interior . [ 17 ]
In The Netherlands security guards Beveiligingsbeambte must undergo a criminal backgroundcheck by the local police department in the area where the private security company is located. To become a securtiy guard in The Netherlands a person must complete the basic training level 2 Beveiliger2 , to complete the training a trainee must undergo a three month intership with a private security company that is licensed by the svpb , this is the board that controls security exams. A trainee guard must pass for his diploma within one year, if the trainee does not pass he is not allowed to work anymore until the trainee completes his training with a positive result, after a positive result a new ID can be issued and is valid for three years, after that the guard must undergo a backgroundcheck by the local police again. Security guards in The Netherlands are not allowed to carry any kind of weapon or handcuffs. Every uniformed security guard in The Netherlands must have the V symbol on its uniform to ensure the public they are dealing with a private guard, this rule is mandatory by the Ministry of justice. Security uniforms may not look like similar to police uniforms, and may not contain any kind of rank designation, and the collor yellow or gold are not allowed to used because the Dutch police uses gold accents in their uniforms, also wearing a uniformcap is not longer allowed. Every new uniform design or addition must be approved by the ministry of justice before use. A patrol vehicle may not look like a police striped vehicle. The only private security guards that are allowed to carry firearms are those who work for the military or Dutch National bank ( De Nederlandsche Bank ) this is were the national gold reserve can be found.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the term Security Officer refers to a senior staff member who supervises a team of security personnel. The staff who work under security officers' supervision are called Security Guards .
Legislation
Before 1 October 1996, private security personnel were regulated by the Watchmen Ordinance (Chapter 299). However, there were many problems with that system of regulation—for example, there were no restrictions as to whom may establish private security service companies to provide security services to a client. Also, there was no regulation of people whom may perform installation of security systems.
Some employers hired "caretakers" instead of security guards to avoid their responsibilities under the ordinance (in formal definition, "caretakers" are supposed to provide facilities management service, although security service, which provided to residential properties, takes some parts of facilities management service). As a result, the Hong Kong Government enacted a wholly new law, the Security and Guarding Services Ordinance (Chapter 460), to replace the Watchmen Ordinance .
According to the Security and Guarding Services Ordinance : No individual shall do, agree to do, or hold himself/herself out as doing, or as available to do, security work for another person unless he/she does so-
under and in accordance with a permit; or
otherwise than for reward. [ 18 ]
security work means any of the following activities-
guarding any property;
guarding any person or place for the purpose of preventing or detecting the occurrence of any offence; (Replaced 25 of 2000 s. 2)
installing, maintaining or repairing a security device;
designing for any particular premises or place a system incorporating a security device.
security device means a device designed or adapted to be installed in any premises or place, except on or in a vehicle, for the purpose of detecting or recording- (Amended 25 of 2000 s. 2)
the occurrence of any offence; or
the presence of an intruder or of an object that persons are, for reasons of security, not permitted to bring onto the premises or place or any other premises or place. [ 19 ]
Qualification
Any applicant who wishes to apply for a Security Personnel Permit (SPP) must:
He/she have been living in Hong Kong for at least 5 years. (This requirement may have been changed)
No criminal record.
At least 18 years old when submitting his/her application.
Have passed a mandatory 16 hour training course and have been granted a certificate of the course.
If the applicant is over 65 years old, he/she must submit his/her health examination report.
Although the Security and Guarding Services Industry Authority ( SGSIA ) is the agency in charge of the security service industry, all applicants must submit their application and pay the fee by mail or in person to Hong Kong Police Force (License Section).
Permit
Security Personnel Permit was separated to four types: A, B, C, and D.
Type A permit holder was permitted to work in a "single-block" residential building; they are not allowed to carry firearms. No age limit.
Type B permit holder was permitted to work in any type of properties, but they also are not allowed carry firearms. The maximum age limit of this permit is 65.
Type C permit holder was permitted to work as an armed guard. (Usually, they are members of the cash transport car crew.) The maximum age limit of this permit is 55.
Type D permit holder was permitted to design, install, and repair security devices. No maximum age limit.
The permit is valid for five years. All holders must renew their permit before it expires, or they will lose their qualification to work, as such, until their permit is renewed.
The type A and Type B security service are gradually combined with property management service, though the boundary between these two industries is unclear.
Power of Arrest
Security Guards in Hong Kong do not have special powers of arrest above that of the ordinary citizen, i.e. citizen's arrest , also known locally as the "101 arrest power." The Section 101 in the Criminal Procedure Ordinance addresses that arrest of an offender by a private citizen is allowed in certain circumstances if the offender is attempting an arrestable offense. Once arrested, the suspect must be delivered to a police office as soon as possible.
An arrestable offence is defined as any crime carrying a sentence of more than 12 months imprisonment. No security personnel are allowed to search other person, nor are they allowed to get personal information from other people, with the exception of some specific circumstances.
A group of security guards in Hong Kong lined up (fall-in) before on duty.
Israel
In Israel , almost all security guards carry a firearm, primarily to prevent terror attacks. Security guards are common: they perform entrance checks at shopping malls, transportation terminals, government and other office buildings, and many stores. Many locations with a high number of visitors, such as the Jerusalem Bus Station , employ X-ray machines to check passenger's bags; in other places, they are opened and visually inspected. As of 2009, private security guards have also replaced official security forces at some checkpoints inside and on the border of the West Bank , as well as the crossings to Gaza .
Malaysia
In August 2007, Malaysia banned hiring of foreign security guards following a rape and murder of a student by a Pakistani security guard. [ 20 ]
Security guard companies need to apply to the Ministry of Internal Security.
South Africa
Main article: Private security industry in South Africa
Security guards along with the rest of the private security industry are regulated under Act 56 of 2001, Private Security Industry Regulation Act. [ 21 ]
United States
Most states require a license to work as a security officer. [ 22 ] This license may include a criminal background check and/or mandated training requirements.
Most security officers do not carry weapons and have the same powers of arrest as a private citizen , called a "private person" arrest, "any person" arrest, or " citizen's arrest ." If weapons are carried, additional permits and training are usually required. Armed security personnel are generally used to protect sensitive sites such as government and military installations, armored money transports, casinos, banks (or other financial institutions), nuclear power plants, etc. However, armed security is quickly becoming a standard for vehicle patrol officers and on many other non-government sites.
Security guard/officer continue to gain broader responsibilities. A growing trend is the increased use of private security to support services previously provided by police departments. James F. Pastor addresses substantive legal and public policy issues which directly or indirectly relate to the provision of security services. These can be demonstrated by the logic of alternative or supplemental service providers. The use of private police has particular appeal because property or business owners can directly contract for public safety services, thereby providing welcome relief for municipal budgets. Finally, private police functions can be flexible, depending upon the financial, organizational, political, and situational circumstances of the client. [ 23 ]
Arizona Licensed security companies are required to provide eight hours of pre-assignment training to all persons employed as security guards before the employee acts in the capacity of a security guard. [ 24 ] There is a state-mandated curriculum that must be taught, and subjects covered must include criminal law and laws of arrest, uniforms and grooming, communications, use of force, general security procedures, crime scene preservation, ethics and first response. [ 25 ]
California
An ADT Bel-Air Patrol vehicle
Security Guards are required to obtain a license from the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services (BSIS), of the California Department of Consumer Affairs. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, undergo a criminal history background check through the California Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and complete a 40-hour course of required training. This required training is broken down into smaller training sections and time-lines. The first is 8-hours of BSIS-designed instruction on powers to arrest and weapons of mass destruction. Then, within 30 days of getting the individual officers license, they must receive 16-hours of training on various mandatory and elective courses. Finally, within 6-months of getting their license, they must receive an additional 16-hours of training on various mandatory and elective courses.
California security officers are also required to complete 8-hours of annual training on security-related topics, after the first, above mentioned 40-hours are complete.
The training and exam may be administered by any private patrol operator or by a certified training facility. This training can be in either classroom, [ 26 ] or audio format [ 27 ]
New Jersey As of 2006 all security personnel must undergo a state mandated certified training program. This law commonly referred to SORA is the state's effort to increase the quality of security personnel.
Oklahoma Security officers in Oklahoma are licensed by CLEET (Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training). To be licensed as an unarmed officer an individual must be at least 18 years of age and undergo 40 hours of classroom training and pass criminal history checks. Armed guards must be 21 years of age, have another 40 hours of classroom training, qualify with their firearm and pass a psychological evaluation.
Pennsylvania No licensing requirements to be an unarmed security guard. However, armed security guards must undergo and successfully complete a 40 hour training course (including shooting range time) in order to be certified to carry weapons and on watch while on duty under the Lethal Weapons Training Act (commonly referred to as Act 235 certification). Certification involves qualifying on a pistol range, with firing of 50 rounds of .38 cal. ammo. You are also required to qualify on a shotgun. The certification is good for five years at which time an eight hour refresher course must be taken or the certification is revoked. [ 28 ]
South Carolina All Security Officers have the same authority and power to make an arrest as Sheriff's Deputies, while on the property they are payed to protect. [ 29 ] Most companies prohibit this authority by policy due to lack of confidence and liability fears. Private Officers may respond to calls for service, make arrests and use blue lights [ 30 ] and traffic radar. They may also be specially authorized by the State Law Enforcment Division (SLED), to issue Uniform Traffic Tickets to violators. [ 31 ] Security Officers are licensed or registered (as appropriate) by SLED for one year at a time. Training for unarmed officers is 8 hours, an additional 8 hours is required for a security weapons permit or a concealed security weapons permit. Additional hours are required to be documented for officers issuing public or private tickets as well as officers that will be using batons, pepper spray or tasers.
Virginia Security officers in Virginia are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). [ 32 ] To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an inservice with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security officer one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training in conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an inservice and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest [ 33 ] for any offense committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hired to protect. They may also be granted the authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court [ 34 ] for felonies and misdemeanors. For more information on DCJS codes and regs click here.
St Louis, Missouri Security officers are required to be licensed by the St Louis County Police or St Louis City Police. St Louis County Security Officer training is a two day class and yearly renewal class. Armed officers must shoot bi-annually to keep their "armed" status. County license is called a Metropolitan License meaning to is good for St Louis City and County. More Info for St Louis County License is available though the County website posted here: [ 35 ] St Louis City Web site has all the info regarding licensing requirements due to fact they are the same in city and county.The City web site is posted here. [ 36 ] Readers should note that this only applys to persons working in security in St Louis City or St Louis County
Security officers and the police
Security personnel are not police officers, unless they are security police , but are often identified as such due to similar uniforms and behaviors [ citation needed ] , especially on private property. Security personnel in the U.S. derive their powers from state laws, that allow them a contractual arrangement with clients that give them Agent of the Owner powers. [ citation needed ]
This includes a nearly unlimited power to question with the absence of probable cause requirements that frequently dog public law enforcement officers [ citation needed ] , provided that the security officer does not tread on the rights and liberties of others as guaranteed by the United States Constitution. [ citation needed ]
Some jurisdictions do commission or deputize security officers and give them limited additional powers, particularly when employed in protecting public property such as mass transit stations [ citation needed ] . This is a special case that is often unique to a particular jurisdiction or locale. Additionally, security officers may also be called upon to act as an agent of law enforcement if a police officer, sheriff's deputy, etc. is in immediate need of help and has no available backup. [ citation needed ]
Some security officers do reserve police powers [ citation needed ] and are typically employed directly by governmental agencies. Typically, these are sworn law enforcement personnel [ citation needed ] whose duties primarily involve the security of a government installation, and are also a special case.
Other local and state governments occasionally enter into special contracts with security agencies to provide patrol services in public areas. [ citation needed ] These personnel are sometimes referred to as "private police officers." [ citation needed ]
Sometimes police officers work as security personnel while not on duty [ citation needed ] . This is usually done for extra income, and work is particularly done in hazardous jobs such as bodyguard work and bouncers outside nightclubs. [ citation needed ]
Police are called in when a situation warrants a higher degree of authority [ citation needed ] to act upon reported observations that security does not have the authority to act upon, however, some states allow Licensed Security Officer the full arrest powers equal to that of a Sheriff Deputy. [ citation needed ]
In 1976, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 's National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals reported:
'One massive resource, filled with significant numbers of personnel, armed with a wide array of technology, and directed by professionals who have spent their entire adult lifetimes learning how to prevent and reduce crime, has not been tapped by governments in the fight against criminality. The private security industry, with over one million workers, sophisticated alarm systems and perimeter safeguards, armored trucks, sophisticated mini-computers, and thousands of highly skilled crime prevention experts, offers a potential for coping with crime that can not be equalled by any other remedy or approach...Underutilized by police, all but ignored by prosecutors and the judiciary, and unknown to corrections officials, the private security professional may be the only person in this society who has the knowledge to effectively prevent crime.' [ 37 ]
In New York, the Area Police/Private Security Liaison program was organized in 1986 by the NYPD commissioner and four former police chiefs working in the private security industry to promote mutual respect, cross-training, and sharing of crime-related information between public police and private security.
Trends
Australia
Private Security personnel outnumber police. From the Australian Bureau of Statistics Report in 2006 there were 52,768 full-time security officers in the security industry compared to 44,898 police officers.
USA
Economist Robert B. Reich , in his 1991 book The Work of Nations , stated that in the United States, the number of private security guards and officers was comparable to the number of publicly paid police officers. He used this phenomenon as an example of the general withdrawal of the affluent from existing communities where governments provide public services.
Instead, the wealthy pay to provide their own premium services, through voluntary, exclusive associations. As taxpayer resistance has limited government budgets, and as the demand for secure homes in gated communities has grown, these trends have continued in the 1990s and 2000s.
In the aftermath of 9/11 , the trend in the US is one of a quiet transformation of the role of security guards into first responders in case of a terrorist attack or major disaster. This has resulted in longer guard instruction hours, extra training in Terrorism tactics and increased laws governing private security companies in some states. [ 38 ]
UK
The trend in the UK at the time of writing (March 2008) is one of polarisation. The market in Manned Guarding (the security industry term for the security guards most people are familiar with) is diverging toward two opposite extremes; one typified by a highly trained and well paid security officer; the other with security officers on or about minimum wage with only the minimum training required by law.
Within the “in-house” sector, where security personnel are not subject to licensing under the Private Security Industry Act 2001 , the same divergence can be seen; with some companies opting for in-house security to maintain control of their standards, whilst others use it as a route to cheaper, non-regulated, security.
History
The vigiles were soldiers assigned to guard the city of Rome , often credited as the origin of both security personnel and police, although their principal duty was as a fire brigade . There have been night watchmen since at least the Middle Ages in Europe; walled cities of ancient times also had watchmen. A special chair appeared in Europe sometime in the late Middle Ages, called the watchman's chair ; this unupholstered wooden chair had a forward slanting seat to prevent the watchman from dozing off during his watch.
Notable security guards
The security guard Frank Wills detected the Watergate burglars, ultimately leading to the resignation of Richard M. Nixon as President of the United States .
In 1980, musician John Lennon was fatally shot in front of his own apartment house, The Dakota , by a former security guard, Mark David Chapman .
Christoph Meili , night guard at a Swiss bank, became a whistle blower in 1997 . He told about the bank destroying records related to funds of Holocaust victims, whose money the bank was supposed to return to their heirs.
In 1999, Pierlucio Tinazzi rescued 10 victims from the Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire , before dying while trying to rescue an 11th.
In 2001, Gary Coleman , former child actor, was employed as a shopping mall security guard in the Los Angeles area. Whilst shopping for a bullet-proof vest for his job, Coleman assaulted a female autograph collector. Coleman said he felt "threatened by her insistence" and punched her in the head. [ 39 ] He was later charged for the assault and ordered to pay her $1,665 for hospital bills.
Derrick Brun, an unarmed security guard employed by the Red Lake School District in Minnesota, was praised by President Bush for his heroic role in protecting children during the 2005 Red Lake High School Massacre : "Derrick's bravery cost him his life, and all Americans honor him". [ 40 ] [ 41 ]
In 2007 Matthew Murray opened fire first at the Youth With A Mission retreat center in Arvada Colorado, killing two and wounding two more. A few hours later he opened fire in the New Life Church parking lot, killing two and wounding three. When he proceeded inside the building, he was met by armed security guard Jeanne Assam, who ordered him to drop his weapon and opened fire when he failed to comply. The pastor of New Life Church credited Assam with saving over 100 lives. [ citation needed ]
Unionization
In June, 1947, the United States Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act placing many restrictions on labor unions . Section 9 (B) (3) of the act prevents the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) from certifying for collective bargaining any unit which mixes security employees with non-security employees. This restricts the ability of security employees to join any union that also represents other types of employees.
They may be part of an independent, "security-only" union, not affiliated with any coalition of other types of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). A union which also represents non-security employees may also represent and bargain on behalf of security employees with the employer's consent.
Two of the largest security unions are the Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America (SPFPA) and the United Government Security Officers of America (UGSOA).
Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America
In 1948 with the Taft-Hartley restrictions well into effect, the Detroit, Michigan area security guards of United Auto Workers (UAW) Amalgamated Local 114 were forced to break away and start a separate "Plant Guards Organizing Committee". The NLRB ruled that as an affiliate of the CIO, the committee was indirectly affiliated with production unions and therefore ineligible for certification under the new restrictions.
The committee was then forced to completely withdraw from the CIO and start the independent United Plant Guard Workers of America. By the 1990s, this union had evolved to include many other types of security officers and changed its name to the SPFPA.
United Government Security Officers of America
In 1992, the USGOA was formed. It specializes in organizing federal, state, and local government security officers, but since May, 2000 has been open to representing other types of security personnel as well.
Others
The Service Employees International Union (SEIU) has also sought to represent security employees, although its efforts have been complicated by the Taft-Harley Act because the SEIU also represents janitors, trash collectors, and other building service employees.
Canada
Many security guards in Canada are unionized. The primary unions which represent security guards in Canada are the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), Local 333, and the Canadian branch of the United Steelworkers (USW). In contrast to the legal restrictions in the United States, Canadian labor relations boards will certify bargaining units of security guards for a Canadian Labour Congress (CLC)-affiliated union or in the same union with other classifications of employees.
See also
Airport security
Access control
Armored car (valuables)
Bodyguard
Bounty hunter
Certified Protection Officer
Commissionaire
Hotel Detective
Loss prevention
Physical Security
Private military company
Private security company
Private investigator
Security
SORA Training
Security police
Store detective
Traffic Guard
Transportation security officer
List of Private Security Companies
Seville
About Seville
William Lent , a vice president of the Jacksonville , Tampa , and Key West Railroad, founded the town of Seville in 1882 along the railroad right of way. Taking advantage of the location, he set about to build a community. He founded the Bank of Seville and built a large brick residence for himself. Teaming up with some northern investors, they started work on a grand scale hotel. Next the group built a complex water system costing $60,000. The relationship between Lent and his backers became strained and then bitter and Lent took his own life at his Seville home in 1889. Today with limited commercial development and a largely rural/agricultural base, Seville is a quiet community just north of Pierson along busy U.S. Highway 17 .
Seville
About Seville
William Lent , a vice president of the Jacksonville , Tampa , and Key West Railroad, founded the town of Seville in 1882 along the railroad right of way. Taking advantage of the location, he set about to build a community. He founded the Bank of Seville and built a large brick residence for himself. Teaming up with some northern investors, they started work on a grand scale hotel. Next the group built a complex water system costing $60,000. The relationship between Lent and his backers became strained and then bitter and Lent took his own life at his Seville home in 1889. Today with limited commercial development and a largely rural/agricultural base, Seville is a quiet community just north of Pierson along busy U.S. Highway 17 .
South Daytona
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Economy
4.1 Shopping
5 References
6 External links
//
History
The City of South Daytona, a progressive city on the Halifax River in Central Florida , was once a town called Blake, with some forty (40) resident families and as many more non-resident property holders. The land was peculiarly adapted to orange culture and vegetable gardening, in which many of the early settlers were profitably engaged. According to the national Archives and Records in Washington, D.C. , Blake opened its first Post Office on August 19, 1878. Around 1886, the first train came as far as Daytona and, ten years later the line extended to Miami . Soon thereafter, a railroad station was built at Big Tree Crossing.
By 1926, the towns of Daytona, Daytona Beach , and Seabreeze were consolidated to make the City of Daytona Beach . Daytona Beach then proceeded to annex all the adjacent territories including the town of Blake. Because of new taxes and appraisals levied, residents of Blake were forced to hire an attorney and eventually, around 1938, succeeded in breaking away from Daytona Beach to become the incorporated town of South Daytona.
Soon after World War II , the town adopted a Building Department, followed by a Planning and Zoning Board. Builders and developers soon became interested in the area and South Daytona started to develop. South Daytona was then in a position to request financial assistance from the federal government for expansion of utilities, streets, etc. South Daytona was the first town in the Halifax area, after Daytona Beach , to install a sanitary sewer system. The town continued to prosper and was incorporated as the City of South Daytona in 1951. South Daytona has operated under a City Manager/Council form of government since 1980, with the Mayor and four Council Members serving four-year, staggered terms beginning in 1990. The population has grown to approximately 13,714 and encompasses approximately 4.00 square miles (10.4 km 2 ). There are nearly 44.5 miles (71.6 km) of roadway, 40 miles (64 km) of sewer lines, and 55 miles (89 km) of water lines throughout the city. The average elevation is 6.5 feet (2.0 m) above sea level.
Geography
South Daytona is located at 29°9′55″N 81°0′33″W / 29.16528°N 81.00917°W / 29.16528; -81.00917 (29.165310, -81.009057) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 12.5 km² (4.8 mi² ). 9.2 km² (3.6 mi²) of it is land and 3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it (26.45%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 13,177 people, 5,851 households, and 3,604 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,429.1/km² (3,698.2/mi²). There were 6,457 housing units at an average density of 700.3/km² (1,812.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 88.67% White , 7.85% African American , 0.12% Native American , 1.21% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 0.53% from other races , and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.89% of the population.
There were 5,851 households out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.75.
In the city the population was spread out with 20.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,180, and the median income for a family was $36,417. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $21,676 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,401. About 7.9% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
South Daytona prides itself on being business friendly. It is a mecca for small and prosperous businesses, including hundreds of home occupations. City staff work closely with businesses, large and small, to expedite permitting. The U.S. 1 and Nova Road corridors are attractive business locations and provide easy access to Interstates 4 and 95.
Among the numerous corporate partners that call South Daytona home are:
CSR Rinker (concrete products)
Premier Bathrooms regional headquarters (British tub manufacturer)
International Academy (cosmetology school)
National Association for Public Safety Communications Officers
Coastal Designs (resin coatings)
John’s Appliance City (retail)
Giles Electric (contractor)
Volusia Construction
Votran (public transit)
Shopping
Big Tree Plaza
Sunshine Park Mall
South Daytona
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Economy
4.1 Shopping
5 References
6 External links
//
History
The City of South Daytona, a progressive city on the Halifax River in Central Florida , was once a town called Blake, with some forty (40) resident families and as many more non-resident property holders. The land was peculiarly adapted to orange culture and vegetable gardening, in which many of the early settlers were profitably engaged. According to the national Archives and Records in Washington, D.C. , Blake opened its first Post Office on August 19, 1878. Around 1886, the first train came as far as Daytona and, ten years later the line extended to Miami . Soon thereafter, a railroad station was built at Big Tree Crossing.
By 1926, the towns of Daytona, Daytona Beach , and Seabreeze were consolidated to make the City of Daytona Beach . Daytona Beach then proceeded to annex all the adjacent territories including the town of Blake. Because of new taxes and appraisals levied, residents of Blake were forced to hire an attorney and eventually, around 1938, succeeded in breaking away from Daytona Beach to become the incorporated town of South Daytona.
Soon after World War II , the town adopted a Building Department, followed by a Planning and Zoning Board. Builders and developers soon became interested in the area and South Daytona started to develop. South Daytona was then in a position to request financial assistance from the federal government for expansion of utilities, streets, etc. South Daytona was the first town in the Halifax area, after Daytona Beach , to install a sanitary sewer system. The town continued to prosper and was incorporated as the City of South Daytona in 1951. South Daytona has operated under a City Manager/Council form of government since 1980, with the Mayor and four Council Members serving four-year, staggered terms beginning in 1990. The population has grown to approximately 13,714 and encompasses approximately 4.00 square miles (10.4 km 2 ). There are nearly 44.5 miles (71.6 km) of roadway, 40 miles (64 km) of sewer lines, and 55 miles (89 km) of water lines throughout the city. The average elevation is 6.5 feet (2.0 m) above sea level.
Geography
South Daytona is located at 29°9′55″N 81°0′33″W / 29.16528°N 81.00917°W / 29.16528; -81.00917 (29.165310, -81.009057) [ 3 ] .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 12.5 km² (4.8 mi² ). 9.2 km² (3.6 mi²) of it is land and 3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it (26.45%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census [ 1 ] of 2000, there were 13,177 people, 5,851 households, and 3,604 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,429.1/km² (3,698.2/mi²). There were 6,457 housing units at an average density of 700.3/km² (1,812.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 88.67% White , 7.85% African American , 0.12% Native American , 1.21% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 0.53% from other races , and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.89% of the population.
There were 5,851 households out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.75.
In the city the population was spread out with 20.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,180, and the median income for a family was $36,417. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $21,676 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,401. About 7.9% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
South Daytona prides itself on being business friendly. It is a mecca for small and prosperous businesses, including hundreds of home occupations. City staff work closely with businesses, large and small, to expedite permitting. The U.S. 1 and Nova Road corridors are attractive business locations and provide easy access to Interstates 4 and 95.
Among the numerous corporate partners that call South Daytona home are:
CSR Rinker (concrete products)
Premier Bathrooms regional headquarters (British tub manufacturer)
International Academy (cosmetology school)
National Association for Public Safety Communications Officers
Coastal Designs (resin coatings)
John’s Appliance City (retail)
Giles Electric (contractor)
Volusia Construction
Votran (public transit)
Shopping
Big Tree Plaza
Sunshine Park Mall
steering lock
Modern vehicles are fitted with a steering lock which is an anti-theft device . It is fitted to the steering column usually below the steering wheel. The lock is combined with the ignition switch and engaged and disengaged either by a mechanical ignition key or electronically from the vehicles electronic control unit . These locks were introduced on General Motor products in 1969 and on both Ford and Chrysler products in 1970.
steering lock
Modern vehicles are fitted with a steering lock which is an anti-theft device . It is fitted to the steering column usually below the steering wheel. The lock is combined with the ignition switch and engaged and disengaged either by a mechanical ignition key or electronically from the vehicles electronic control unit . These locks were introduced on General Motor products in 1969 and on both Ford and Chrysler products in 1970.
tumbler
Contents
1 History
2 Design
3 See also
4 Patents
5 External links
//
History
The basic principles of the pin tumbler lock may date as far back as 2000 BC in Egypt ; the lock consisted of a wooden post affixed to the door, and a horizontal bolt that slid into the post. The bolt had vertical openings into which fitted a set of pins. These could be lifted, using a key, to a sufficient height to allow the bolt to move and unlock the door.
Linus Yale, Sr. invented a cylindrical pin tumbler lock in 1848, a design which was further improved and patented by his son, Linus Yale, Jr. , in 1875. Yale, Jr.'s design is very similar to pin tumbler locks manufactured today.
Design
The pin tumbler is commonly used in cylinder locks. In this type of lock, an outer casing has a cylindrical hole in which the plug is housed. To open the lock, the plug must rotate.
The plug has a straight-shaped slot known as the keyway at one end to allow the key to enter the plug; the other end may have a cam or lever which activates a mechanism to retract a locking bolt. The keyway often has protruding ledges which serve to prevent the key pins from falling into the plug, and to make the lock more resistant to picking . A series of holes, typically five or six of them, are drilled vertically into the plug. These holes contain key pins of various lengths, which are rounded to permit the key to slide over them easily.
Above each key pin is a corresponding set of driver pins , which are spring-loaded. Simpler locks typically have only one driver pin for each key pin, but locks requiring multi-keyed entry, such as a group of locks having a master key , may have extra driver pins known as spacer pins . The outer casing has several vertical shafts, which hold the spring-loaded pins.
When the plug and outer casing are assembled, the pins are pushed down into the plug by the springs. The point where the plug and cylinder meet is called the shear point. With a key properly cut and inserted into the groove on the end of the plug, the pins will rise causing them to align exactly at the shear point. This allows the plug to rotate, thus opening the lock. When the key is not in the lock, the pins straddle the shear point, preventing the plug from rotating. Sets of locks with a master key will have one set of shear points that are identical to the others in the set and one set that is unique to that specific lock.
See also
Cylinder lock
Disc tumbler lock
Wafer tumbler lock
Key relevance
Lock picking
Magnetic-coded lock
tumbler
Contents
1 History
2 Design
3 See also
4 Patents
5 External links
//
History
The basic principles of the pin tumbler lock may date as far back as 2000 BC in Egypt ; the lock consisted of a wooden post affixed to the door, and a horizontal bolt that slid into the post. The bolt had vertical openings into which fitted a set of pins. These could be lifted, using a key, to a sufficient height to allow the bolt to move and unlock the door.
Linus Yale, Sr. invented a cylindrical pin tumbler lock in 1848, a design which was further improved and patented by his son, Linus Yale, Jr. , in 1875. Yale, Jr.'s design is very similar to pin tumbler locks manufactured today.
Design
The pin tumbler is commonly used in cylinder locks. In this type of lock, an outer casing has a cylindrical hole in which the plug is housed. To open the lock, the plug must rotate.
The plug has a straight-shaped slot known as the keyway at one end to allow the key to enter the plug; the other end may have a cam or lever which activates a mechanism to retract a locking bolt. The keyway often has protruding ledges which serve to prevent the key pins from falling into the plug, and to make the lock more resistant to picking . A series of holes, typically five or six of them, are drilled vertically into the plug. These holes contain key pins of various lengths, which are rounded to permit the key to slide over them easily.
Above each key pin is a corresponding set of driver pins , which are spring-loaded. Simpler locks typically have only one driver pin for each key pin, but locks requiring multi-keyed entry, such as a group of locks having a master key , may have extra driver pins known as spacer pins . The outer casing has several vertical shafts, which hold the spring-loaded pins.
When the plug and outer casing are assembled, the pins are pushed down into the plug by the springs. The point where the plug and cylinder meet is called the shear point. With a key properly cut and inserted into the groove on the end of the plug, the pins will rise causing them to align exactly at the shear point. This allows the plug to rotate, thus opening the lock. When the key is not in the lock, the pins straddle the shear point, preventing the plug from rotating. Sets of locks with a master key will have one set of shear points that are identical to the others in the set and one set that is unique to that specific lock.
See also
Cylinder lock
Disc tumbler lock
Wafer tumbler lock
Key relevance
Lock picking
Magnetic-coded lock
vehicle lock
Typically, in pin-tumbler and wafer-tumbler applications, a lock in the rest position is closed. The key has a a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open.
Contents
1 History of locks
2 Famous locksmiths
3 Types of locks
3.1 Tumbler locks
3.1.1 Pin-tumbler lock
3.1.2 Wafer-tumbler lock
3.2 Lever locks
4 List of common locks
5 See also
6 External links
7 Footnotes
8 References
//
History of locks
Securing one's property has long been a concern of people throughout the world. Beyond hiding the objects or constantly guarding them the most frequently used option is to secure them with a device. Early solutions included knots to either detect, like the Thief knot , or hamper, like the Gordian Knot . Historians are unsure where the first lock was invented, but evidence suggests that locks initially developed independently in the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Assyria [1] . The first known lock with a key is a pin lock . The lock is strung on a rope hanging out of a hole in a door. A cylinder of wood with a hole drilled through its axis is the key, the length of the cylinder being the critical factor. The key is inserted into the hole and the bolt is pushed the correct distance. To lock the door the rope was pulled to extract the key cylinder, simultaneously pulling the bolt closed. This type of lock is still in use in certain parts of the world. Puerto Rico still uses this system. A disadvantage of this lock is that a vandal can push the rope into the hole — an ancient equivalent of putting glue into a lock.
Early improvements in pin locks included increasing the number of pins to increase security, and changing the orientation of the pins to allow the key to provide the unlocking force instead of a rope, thus establishing the principles of the modern pin tumbler lock .
Next was developed a warded lock that is still used in modern times when the security required is not high and cost is a significant factor. It is the first lock design to have a key recognizable to a modern western person. Lock puzzles were used to obscure the locking mechanism or even provide a non-functioning lock for the thief to waste time on.
Famous locksmiths
Chinese lock and key from Yunnan Province, early 20th century
See also: Locksmithing
Robert Barron patented a double-acting tumbler lock in 1778, the first reasonable improvement in lock security.
Joseph Bramah patented the safety lock in 1784. It was considered unpickable for 67 years until A.C. Hobbs picked it, taking over 50 hours.
Jeremiah Chubb patented his detector lock in 1818. It won him the reward offered by the Government for a lock which could not be opened by any but its own key.
James Sargent described the first successful key-changeable combination lock in 1857. His lock became popular with safe manufacturers and the United States Treasury Department . In 1873, he patented a time lock mechanism, the prototype for those used in contemporary bank vaults.
Samuel Segal invented the first jimmy proof locks in 1916.
Harry Soref founded the Master Lock Company in 1921 and patented an improved padlock in 1924 with a patent lock casing constructed out of laminated steel. Harry Soref was a big fan of japanese and used to call locks "joumae" which is the japanese name for locks. Also written as じょうまえ.
Linus Yale, Sr. invented a pin tumbler lock in 1848.
Linus Yale, Jr. improved upon his father's lock in 1861, using a smaller, flat key with serrated edges that is the basis of modern pin-tumbler locks. Yale developed the modern combination lock in 1862.
Types of locks
A type of padlock side view.
Door with two locks, one in the door knob and a separate deadbolt.
A typical combination lock.
Locks may be entirely mechanical , or electromechanical . They may be operated by turning some form of removable key , by keying or dialling in a combination which directly or via electromechanical means operates the lock, with some form of magnetic or other card reader , or by moving a part on a safety lock intended to prevent accidental operation rather than to prevent unauthorized access.
Tumbler locks
Pin-tumbler lock
The Pin tumbler lock is the most widespread lock in the western world. [ 1 ] Pin-tumbler locks have been around in some form since 2000 B.C.E. The Egyptian form of this lock was large, heavy, and made of wood, with pins made of metal, usually bronze, but sometimes iron. This design in its modern form was first patented in 1805 in England. The patent holder was an American named A.O. Stansbury. In the middle of the 18th century, the American locksmiths Linus Yale Sr. and his son, Linus Yale Jr., refined the lock design into the form recognizable today. These early versions of the pin-tumbler lock were expensive to produce, and did not become widely available until mass production became feasible.
Wafer-tumbler lock
The first patent for the wafer lock was issued in the United States in 1868 to P.S. Felter. [ 2 ] The wafer lock is relatively inexpensive to produce and is often used in automobiles and cabinetry. This type of lock is generally made of die-cast zinc alloy.
Lever locks
Lever locks were invented in Europe in the 17th century. [ 3 ] This is a popular lock type for safes, as they are generally built of strong materials. They are also used as door locks in some countries. This is the type of lock that replaced the medieval warded lock in the 19th century. Robert Barron of England patented the double-acting lever in 1778. Jeremiah Chub would follow with his own detector lock in 1818.
List of common locks
Placement of locks depending on door type
Bicycle lock
Cam lock
Chamber lock
Child safety lock
Combination lock
Cruciform (or Zeiss) lock
Cylinder lock
Deadbolt
Disc tumbler lock
Electronic lock
Electric strike
Magnetic lock
Biometric lock
Keycard lock
Lever tumbler lock
Chubb detector lock
Protector lock
Luggage lock
Magnetic keyed lock
Padlock
Pin tumbler lock
Police Lock
RFID
Rim lock
Security door locks
Tubular pin tumbler lock
Time lock
Turner lock
Wafer tumbler lock
Warded lock
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Locks
Key relevance
Lock picking
Locksmithing
Physical security
Bored cylindrical lock and Mortice lock , two different approaches to locking mechanisms
Exit control lock
vehicle lock
Typically, in pin-tumbler and wafer-tumbler applications, a lock in the rest position is closed. The key has a a series of grooves on either side of the key (the key's blade ) limits the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, the grooves on the blade of the key align with the wards in the keyway allowing or denying entry to the cylinder . Then, a series of pointed teeth and notches on the blade called bittings allow pins or wafers to move up and down until they are in line with the shear line of the inner and outer cylinder, allowing the cylinder or cam to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open.
Contents
1 History of locks
2 Famous locksmiths
3 Types of locks
3.1 Tumbler locks
3.1.1 Pin-tumbler lock
3.1.2 Wafer-tumbler lock
3.2 Lever locks
4 List of common locks
5 See also
6 External links
7 Footnotes
8 References
//
History of locks
Securing one's property has long been a concern of people throughout the world. Beyond hiding the objects or constantly guarding them the most frequently used option is to secure them with a device. Early solutions included knots to either detect, like the Thief knot , or hamper, like the Gordian Knot . Historians are unsure where the first lock was invented, but evidence suggests that locks initially developed independently in the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Wooden locks and keys were in use as early as 4,000 years ago in Assyria [1] . The first known lock with a key is a pin lock . The lock is strung on a rope hanging out of a hole in a door. A cylinder of wood with a hole drilled through its axis is the key, the length of the cylinder being the critical factor. The key is inserted into the hole and the bolt is pushed the correct distance. To lock the door the rope was pulled to extract the key cylinder, simultaneously pulling the bolt closed. This type of lock is still in use in certain parts of the world. Puerto Rico still uses this system. A disadvantage of this lock is that a vandal can push the rope into the hole — an ancient equivalent of putting glue into a lock.
Early improvements in pin locks included increasing the number of pins to increase security, and changing the orientation of the pins to allow the key to provide the unlocking force instead of a rope, thus establishing the principles of the modern pin tumbler lock .
Next was developed a warded lock that is still used in modern times when the security required is not high and cost is a significant factor. It is the first lock design to have a key recognizable to a modern western person. Lock puzzles were used to obscure the locking mechanism or even provide a non-functioning lock for the thief to waste time on.
Famous locksmiths
Chinese lock and key from Yunnan Province, early 20th century
See also: Locksmithing
Robert Barron patented a double-acting tumbler lock in 1778, the first reasonable improvement in lock security.
Joseph Bramah patented the safety lock in 1784. It was considered unpickable for 67 years until A.C. Hobbs picked it, taking over 50 hours.
Jeremiah Chubb patented his detector lock in 1818. It won him the reward offered by the Government for a lock which could not be opened by any but its own key.
James Sargent described the first successful key-changeable combination lock in 1857. His lock became popular with safe manufacturers and the United States Treasury Department . In 1873, he patented a time lock mechanism, the prototype for those used in contemporary bank vaults.
Samuel Segal invented the first jimmy proof locks in 1916.
Harry Soref founded the Master Lock Company in 1921 and patented an improved padlock in 1924 with a patent lock casing constructed out of laminated steel. Harry Soref was a big fan of japanese and used to call locks "joumae" which is the japanese name for locks. Also written as じょうまえ.
Linus Yale, Sr. invented a pin tumbler lock in 1848.
Linus Yale, Jr. improved upon his father's lock in 1861, using a smaller, flat key with serrated edges that is the basis of modern pin-tumbler locks. Yale developed the modern combination lock in 1862.
Types of locks
A type of padlock side view.
Door with two locks, one in the door knob and a separate deadbolt.
A typical combination lock.
Locks may be entirely mechanical , or electromechanical . They may be operated by turning some form of removable key , by keying or dialling in a combination which directly or via electromechanical means operates the lock, with some form of magnetic or other card reader , or by moving a part on a safety lock intended to prevent accidental operation rather than to prevent unauthorized access.
Tumbler locks
Pin-tumbler lock
The Pin tumbler lock is the most widespread lock in the western world. [ 1 ] Pin-tumbler locks have been around in some form since 2000 B.C.E. The Egyptian form of this lock was large, heavy, and made of wood, with pins made of metal, usually bronze, but sometimes iron. This design in its modern form was first patented in 1805 in England. The patent holder was an American named A.O. Stansbury. In the middle of the 18th century, the American locksmiths Linus Yale Sr. and his son, Linus Yale Jr., refined the lock design into the form recognizable today. These early versions of the pin-tumbler lock were expensive to produce, and did not become widely available until mass production became feasible.
Wafer-tumbler lock
The first patent for the wafer lock was issued in the United States in 1868 to P.S. Felter. [ 2 ] The wafer lock is relatively inexpensive to produce and is often used in automobiles and cabinetry. This type of lock is generally made of die-cast zinc alloy.
Lever locks
Lever locks were invented in Europe in the 17th century. [ 3 ] This is a popular lock type for safes, as they are generally built of strong materials. They are also used as door locks in some countries. This is the type of lock that replaced the medieval warded lock in the 19th century. Robert Barron of England patented the double-acting lever in 1778. Jeremiah Chub would follow with his own detector lock in 1818.
List of common locks
Placement of locks depending on door type
Bicycle lock
Cam lock
Chamber lock
Child safety lock
Combination lock
Cruciform (or Zeiss) lock
Cylinder lock
Deadbolt
Disc tumbler lock
Electronic lock
Electric strike
Magnetic lock
Biometric lock
Keycard lock
Lever tumbler lock
Chubb detector lock
Protector lock
Luggage lock
Magnetic keyed lock
Padlock
Pin tumbler lock
Police Lock
RFID
Rim lock
Security door locks
Tubular pin tumbler lock
Time lock
Turner lock
Wafer tumbler lock
Warded lock
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Locks
Key relevance
Lock picking
Locksmithing
Physical security
Bored cylindrical lock and Mortice lock , two different approaches to locking mechanisms
Exit control lock
wilbur by the sea
Geography
Location of Wilbur-by-the-Sea
Wilbur-by-the-Sea is located at 29°07′59″N 80°57′31″W / 29.13306°N 80.95861°W / 29.13306; -80.95861 . It is located between Daytona Beach Shores and Ponce Inlet . The area of this place is 4 miles around the unincorporated area limit.
To the north - Daytona Beach Shores
To the south - Ponce Inlet
To the east - Atlantic Ocean
To the west - Port Orange
wilbur by the sea
Geography
Location of Wilbur-by-the-Sea
Wilbur-by-the-Sea is located at 29°07′59″N 80°57′31″W / 29.13306°N 80.95861°W / 29.13306; -80.95861 . It is located between Daytona Beach Shores and Ponce Inlet . The area of this place is 4 miles around the unincorporated area limit.
To the north - Daytona Beach Shores
To the south - Ponce Inlet
To the east - Atlantic Ocean
To the west - Port Orange
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